1. SCULPTURE: 3-Dimensional Art Permanence 3-dimensional art / realistic Types- full round (may use devices for support) Relief: maintains 2-d quality, low or high (by half their depth) Linear (thin, elongated items), mobiles

9. Methods of Execution Subtraction (carving away) Material culture determines wood, stone, bone, etc. Types of rock: (1) igneous (granite- hard, lasting, difficult) (2) Sedimentary (limestone- lasting, easy, smooth, luster) (3) Metamorphic (marble- lasting, pleasure to carve, colors)

10. Methods: Subtraction Creates a model, smaller than sculpture, of clay, plaster, wax Roughs out the image to within 2-3 inches of finished area Using a different set of tools, the sculptor finishes the work to precise detail Finally the sculptor polishes the material

14. Methods: Construction Construction- adds element to element; built sculpture (plastics, metals, terracotta clay, resins, wood, mixed media)

17. Methods: Substitution Substitution- molded or cast Positive = artist creates an identically sized model Negative = covering the model with plaster, which when hardens is removed, the sculptor has created the negative mold for the sculpture Sculptor pours molten metal into mold, the metal hardens when cooled & the sculpture emerges- it can then be polished

18. Lost Wax Technique Lost wax technique (cire-perdue)- cast sculpture in which the basic mold uses a wax model which is then melted to leave desired spaces in the mold

19. Lost Wax 1. Sculptor covers core of clay in the shape of the sculpture with wax layer 2. He then carves details into the wax and attaches rods & pouring cup & covers everything with a thick layer of clay 3. When the clay dries, the artist heats the mold to melt the wax & then pours molten metal into the mold 4. When metal solidifies, the mold is broken to release the sculpture- it cannot be duplicated, and is hollow, therefore lighter and less expensive

23. Manipulation- modeling- clay

26. Sculptural Art Elements Mass (literal) Line & Form: open & closed Space / Negative space Color Texture

27. Mass (Literal)

28. Open Form

29. Closed Form

30. Negative Space

31. Color

33. Texture

36. Design Principles Proportion, relative relationship of shapes to one another Scale- size in relation to standard Repetition (rhythm, harmony, variation) Balance - Biomorphic / geometric forms Articulation: manner by which we move from one element to the next (how the artist has repeated, varied, harmonized, & related its parts and the movement from one part to another) Focal area (emphasis)

37. Proportion- size of the parts in relation to the whole

38. Scale: size in relation to normal

39. Repetition

42. Balance

45. Contemporary Methods Found Objects: changes the context of objects, combines objects in a different way, or decides an object has an aesthetic reference and presents it that way Ephemeral art: conceptual, transitory, and makes statement then ceases to exist

50. Ephemeral Art

54. Sensory Experience Touch Temperature Age Dynamics Size Lighting Environment