1. PERCEPTION!

2. Perception What is perception and how does it influence our perspectives? What is perception and how does it influence our perspectives?

3. Perception The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation

4. And Remember…your brain takes SHORTCUTS! Perceptions Influenced by: ----motivation ----Values ----Expectations ----Experience ----Culture ----Cognitive Style ----Personality

5. Selective Attention focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

6. Visual Capture –tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

7. Perception – tell your neighbor the definition! The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensationThe process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation

8. – Gestalt groups or as whole objects – Gestalt Psychologists focus on how we normally perceive images as groups or as whole objects, not isolated elements “the whole is more than the sum of its parts..” – Our brain takes shortcuts! Gestalt Psychology

9. Figure- Ground relationship organization of thevisual field into objects (figures)……… that stand out from their surroundings (ground) organization of thevisual field into objects (figures)……… that stand out from their surroundings (ground) Analyzing separate information allows us to re- act to each individual object accordingly Analyzing separate information allows us to re- act to each individual object accordingly

10. What is the figure, and what is the background here?

11. Camouflage when figures blend into the background when figures blend into the background No distinction between “figure” and “ground” No distinction between “figure” and “ground”

12. Where is it?

13. – Remember, Gestalt is our brain’s way of being efficient. – We see things as “whole” Our brain takes shortcuts! Gestalt Psychology

14. …sometimes this is great! Automatic processes can enhance our perception

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16. …sometimes this is bad! Automatic processes can interfere with our perception

17. RED Read the following words out loud… BLUE GREEN Now when you see the word, say ONLY the COLOR, not the word itself… BLUE GREEN YELLOW BROWN ORANGE PINK RED

18. Our brain gets so used to seeing things as whole objects (top down), it struggles with the “bottom up”

19. Gestalt Perception – Other Gestalt principles involves grouping objects together (again, seeing them as “whole”) – Several factors influence how we will group objects: Proximity Proximity Similarity Similarity Continuity Continuity Closure Closure

20. proximity –- your brain likes to group nearby figures together

21. Having trouble understanding the sign? Having trouble understanding the sign? Your brain is trying to group the words based on proximity… Your brain is trying to group the words based on proximity…

22. –similarity- Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group Color similarity – we see two “groups” of fruit, not 10 individual ones

23. Continuity (or continuation) The tendency to Perceive continuous patterns

24. Continuation in artwork…

25. Two objects…or three?

26. Closure (or completeness)- – The tendency to overlook incompleteness, and complete objects – We make them fit our preconceptions

27. closure Do you see a square?Do you see a square? How many triangles?How many triangles?

28. Familiar objects are easier for our mind to complete…

30. GESTALT GESTALT = seeing things as “whole” “praegnanz”Gestalt cues employ principle of “praegnanz” the brain will always favor the “simplest solution” it can find That solution is based on what you already know and expect in a given context

31. Constancy – perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image There are three types of constancy cues: – Size Constancy – Shape Constancy – Brightness Constancy

32. Size Constancy Objects closer to us will produce bigger images on our retinas, and as they move away they project a smaller image. The actual size of the object does not change

33. …our brains assume that the guys in the background are similar in height to the other people….they are just farther away… …but look how much smaller of an image they cast on our retina….surprising isn’t it?

34. …by the same token, if an object farther away WERE the same size, our brain assumes it is much larger than it actually is…

35. Objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retina. Though we may change our position, the shape doesn’t change. Shape Constancy

36. We perceive it as being “slanted” and therefore being the same shape as the circles in the columns on the right The 3 columns on the left and the 3 on the right are slightly different. Does the middle column belong with the left or the right? …but if you look carefully, you will notice that they are actually exactly the same as the circles on the left…

37. Brightness/Color Constancy We perceive objects as having a constant color, despite lighting, shading, etc. Are all these bricks the same color?

38. We perceive the white as a constant whiteness, regardless of the shadow, when in reality, it is the same gray as the gray squares...trust me.

41. Depth Perception Depth Cues allow us to perceive the world in three dimensions. – Monocular Cues – Monocular Cues are depth cues that do not depend on having two eyes working in conjunction together – Binocular Cues – Binocular Cues are depth cues that depend on having two eyes working in conjunction with each other

42. Relative Height Relative Size Texture Gradient Interposition Relative Clarity/Shadowing Linear Perspective Relative motion/motion parallax Monocular Cues

43. relative size smaller image is more distant

45. texture gradient –coarse --> close fine --> distant –(Look at the floor beneath you, and then across the room)

48. Interposition/ Overlap A closer object blocks a more distant object

50. relative clarity/shadowing hazy object seen as more distant Lighted objects seem closer Darker objects seem further away

51. Relative Clarity

52. Shadowing Notice the “perception” of depth changes when shading is reversed

54. If it doesn’t work…try clicking HEREHERE

55. Relative Height Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away Vertical Dimensions are often perceived as longer than identical horizontal dimensions

56. Who’s farthest away? Who’s tallest?

59. linear perspective parallel lines converge with distance

60. Vanishing Point – where two parallel lines connect in the distance

62. relative motion/ Motion ParallaxMotion Parallax closer objects seem to move faster (riding in a car, trees along the road vs. houses in the distance)

63. Artists use these all the time to give their work a true feeling of depth Trompe l'oeil

64. Check out this picture…

65. …from a different angle!

74. Same drawing from another angle…

92. These visual tricks provide depth and dimension to artwork on walls

93. Artwork inside houses

94. And of course…. Classical Art Escaping Criticism, 1874, by Pere Borrell del Caso

95. Binocular Cues – convergence neuromuscular cue two eyes move inward for near objects (bring a pencil slowly toward your eyes- keep focusing on the pencil- feel your eyes move)

96. – (Retinal) Binocular disparity images from the two eyes differ closer the object, the larger the disparity (Hold a pencil in front of you, close one eye, then close the other eye- you get two different images)

97. Binocular Depth Cues: Finger Sausage

98. Believe or not – there is a three dimensional hour glass in here!

99. Motion Eye muscle activity Changing retinal image Contrast of the moving object and its stationary background All combine to bring us the perception of motion

100. Motion Stroboscopic Motion- Stroboscopic Motion- timed flashing lights or moving pictures that give the illusion of movement

104. Factors That Influence Perceptual Interpretations Perceptual Set Perceptual Set –The tendency to perceive a person or a situation in a particular way due to our past experiences with similar persons or situations

105. Perpetual Set - UFO

106. Original Image – what do you see?

108. “this is the first blowup to just 500 times the original.. and addition of the cyan blue filter.. that will develop the interior of the ship”

109. “Below is the ship solarized and invert to find edges.. from the blue cyan filter.. this is just 500 times.. and for the abduction and cattle mutilation pix i had to go to 3000 times.. “

110. “from the solarized version.. i go to desaturation.. of color and then increase the enlargement.. ive found for myself it is better to have the photo in black and white to see the detail.. the colors are not as clear.. and btw some of the scenes in this are sexual.. i may eventually cut some out.. but these guys are certainly preoccupied with sex.. “ “NEXT IS CATTLE ABDUCTION FROM THE ABOVE PHOTO CUT>.”

111. “this is one of the two first cuts i made and shows a horse being abducted and probably the usual cuts.. etc.. or perhaps just DNA research..” …see anything yet? It depends on your “perceptual set” I guess…

112. “Below is the same picture … only OUTLINED.. and i think you can compare and see what is happening.. and certainly the ANSWER to many of the CATTLE MUTILATIONS ETC.. but i don't believe all of them.. the LIzARDS on this planet also use the horse and animals for sacrifice and ritual.. and even HANG HORSES.. these are not NOT NICE CRITTERS WHO ABUSE AND USE ALL OF THE LIFE ON THIS PLANET IN DEROGATORY METHODS...the PRIESTESS is also sometimes considered to be a REPTILIAN PRINCESS WHO TAKE CHARGE OF MUCH OF WHAT HAPPENS ON AND OFF THIS PLANET..” “ABDUCTIONS SHOULD END” …regardless of our perceptions, I think we all can agree on that…

113. Right side of room – get ready to close your eyes! Perceptual Set!

114. Left side of the room - Get your pencil ready and be prepared to jot something in the margins of your notes! Right Side – Close those eyes!

120. Quick! Write down what you think this a drawing of

121. Everyone open your eyes!

122. Right side of the room - Get your pencil ready and be prepared to jot something in the margins of your notes! Left Side – Close those eyes!

128. Quick! Write down what you think this a drawing of

129. Raise your hand if you said….Mouse! Raise your hand if you said….Face! Our expectations influence our perceptions! ….FaceMouse…

130. Perceptual Illusions When our normal, automatic perception processes guide us to the wrong conclusions because your brain takes shortcuts, what you perceive is not necessarily reality! … because your brain takes shortcuts, what you perceive is not necessarily reality! Do you perceive a face? When our normal, automatic perception processes guide us to the wrong conclusions because your brain takes shortcuts, what you perceive is not necessarily reality! … because your brain takes shortcuts, what you perceive is not necessarily reality!

131. Extrasensory Perception = ESP Some people claim to have extra powers of perception Some people claim to have extra powers of perception Perception not with any of your physical senses but with your mind! Perception not with any of your physical senses but with your mind!

132. Parapsychology The study of ESP and its many forms is known as ParapsychologyThe study of ESP and its many forms is known as Parapsychology PARA means “alongside”PARA means “alongside” considered by many to be a “pseudoscience” considered by many to be a “pseudoscience” Parapsychology includes the study of: telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psycho-kinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation and apparitional experiences. telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psycho-kinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation and apparitional experiences. I see dead people I see dead people.

133. Subliminal Perception Can human behavior be influenced by stimulus that is below or beyond our level of awareness? Thresholds imply that there must be stimulus below and beyond our current levels of detection. Can human behavior be influenced by stimulus that is below or beyond our level of awareness?

134. Study!Subliminal messagesSTUDY!Subliminal messages Public concern 1957 A marketing researcher claimed dramatic increases in the sales of popcorn (58% increase!)when he flashed the phrase "Eat popcorn" for 1/2000 of a second during a movie. Despite public rage over the possibilities of “mind control”, further research has shown no evidence that subliminal messages influence out long- term behavior.