1. Feb 7, 2012 Term 8 Senior Design Project Sustainable Water Desalination Tuesday February 7, 2012

2. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 2 Project Team Team Members: Mission Statement: “Our mission is to use problem solving and analytical abilities, building upon knowledge from engineering course work and work terms, to design and build a simplistic prototype for a sustainable water desalination device. This device will utilize energy captured from the environment whenever possible while maintaining a robust design for use in a developing nation.” Team Website: Non-Technical RolesTechnical Roles Clare O'Keefe (Team Lead)Procurement Efficiency Improvement Mechanisms Whitney MillerDocumentation Efficiency Improvement Mechanisms Jared OsmondDocumentation Materials and Construction Andrew McHughWebsite Prototyping, Testing and Benchmarking Chris HumphriesScheduling Evaporation and Condensation Model Development http://mundesalination.weebly.com/ Clare O’Keefe Chris Humphries Whitney Miller Jared Osmond Andrew McHugh

3. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 3 Agenda Project Overview Preliminary Research Concept Selection Process Preliminary Engineering Forward Plan

4. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 4 Project Scope Project Goal: Design and develop a water desalination device for implementation in underprivileged coastal areas Design Necessities: Minimize moving parts Minimize power input requirements Eliminate skilled labour and specialized equipment requirements System does not otherwise reduce quality of water Project Metrics Product Life5 Years Produced Water30-50 L / d Sodium Concentration200 mg / L Operational Availability12 hr / d Weight100 kg CAPEX Proof of Concept$ 1000 CAPEX Production Model$ 500 OPEX Production Model$ 100

5. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 5 Project Considerations Safety Risk People

6. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 6 Project Schedule Currently in Design Phase Construction Phase: Proof of concept (scale or partial model) Testing Phase: Benchmarking to evaluate design

7. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 7 Preliminary Research Desalination Solar Distillation Reverse Osmosis Multi-Stage Flash Process

8. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 8 Eliminated multi-stage flash due to inherent complexity Completed concept selection process with selection matrix approach Key Considerations: Reverse Osmosis: Filter change-out and spoiling Reverse Osmosis: High pressure requirements Solar Distillation: Lower production rates Solar Distillation: Base system requires no moving parts Selected Concept: Solar Distillation Concept Selection Process

9. Feb 7, 2012 Preliminary Engineering Slide 9

10. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 10 Evaporation and Condensation Steady state system: Evaporation Rate = Condensation Rate Optimize Evaporation and Condensation  Maximize Production How? Maximize water temperature Minimize condensation surface temperature Maximize water surface area Reduce atmospheric pressure

11. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 11 Efficiency Improvements Increase Water Temperature: Colour Water  Increases water ability to absorb radiant energy Solar Concentrators  Directs additional solar radiation Increase Condensation Rate: Cool Surface  Increases condensation rate at surface Increase Active Area: Wicking/ Capillary Action  Increases exposed surface area Air Flow  Increases evaporation rate Increase Evaporation or Promote Boiling: Vacuum  Reduces pressure on surface, lowers boiling point

12. Feb 7, 2012 Prior Art Slide 12 Heat Sink: Used to store heat Stones submerged in water Stones retain heat as water is evaporated or cycled through the system Basic Design: Greenhouse type geometry BRINE

13. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 13 Prior Art Multi-Basin: Two condensation surfaces Maximizes per m 2 output Water Boiler: Reduce system atmosphere Additional solar flux

14. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 14 Prior Art Cascade / Step Configuration: Minimizes distance between water and condensation surface Two Stage E/C System: Potential for significant cooling of the condensation section Lower efficiency – humid air is expelled

15. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 15 Forward Plan

16. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 16 References Cortuvo et al, Desalination Tehnology - Health and Environmental Impacts.: IWA Publishing. (2010, December) Health Canada. [Online]. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/2010- sum_guide-res+recom/index-enghttp://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/2010- sum_guide-res+recom/index-eng A.G., Govet, C. Dickson. (1994) Chapter 5 - Physical and Thermodynamic Data. [Online]. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/cdiac74/chapter5.pdf http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/cdiac74/chapter5.pdf Uri Lachish. (1998) Vapor Pressure, Boiling and Freezing Temperatures of a Soluation. [Online]. http://urila.tripod.com/colligative.htm http://urila.tripod.com/colligative.htm S. Grajdieru. (2003, March) Solar-powered Desalinators to Provide Drinking Water in Arid Areas. [Online]. http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-3178-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-3178-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (2011) Small Scale Desalination. [Online]. http://www.desware.net/Small-Scale-Desalination.aspxhttp://www.desware.net/Small-Scale-Desalination.aspx (2010) Multi Stage Flash Processes. [Online]. http://www.sidem-desalination.com/en/process/MSFhttp://www.sidem-desalination.com/en/process/MSF (2011) Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation. [Online]. http://www.cmhc- schl.gc.ca/en/co/maho/wawa/wawa_001.cfmhttp://www.cmhc- schl.gc.ca/en/co/maho/wawa/wawa_001.cfm R. Shaw, Wave Energy: A design Challenge, Horwood, Ed. Chichester: 1982. (2007, April) Mechanical Ocean Energy Conversion, Part II. [Online]. http://montaraventures.com/energy/2007/04/13/mechanical-ocean-energy-conversion-part-ii/ http://montaraventures.com/energy/2007/04/13/mechanical-ocean-energy-conversion-part-ii/ (2007, April) Stephen Salter: pioneer of wave power. [Online]. http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in- depth/stephn-salter-pioneer-pf-wave-power/299034.article#ixzz1Z6VLv18fhttp://www.theengineer.co.uk/in- depth/stephn-salter-pioneer-pf-wave-power/299034.article#ixzz1Z6VLv18f M.E. McCormick, Ocean Wave Energy Conversion. New York, USA: Wiley, 1981. P. Takahaski, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. New York, USA: Wiley, 1996. (2004, November) Ocean Thermal energy conversion diagram and applications. [Online]. http://www.nrel.gov/otec/ http://www.nrel.gov/otec/ M. Jacobson. (2008, January) Review of Solution to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security. [Online]. http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/EnergyEnvRev1008.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/EnergyEnvRev1008.pdf Saturated Vapor Pressure. [Online]. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html#c1 S.A. Kalogirou, Solar Energy Engineering - Processes and Systems.: Elsevier, 2009. M.K. Gnanadason, P.S. Kumar, G. Sivaraman, and J.E. Daniel, "Design and Performance Analysis of a Modified Vacuum Single Basin Solar Still," Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, no. 2, pp. 388-395, September 2011.

17. Feb 7, 2012 Questions? Thank You! Slide 17

18. Feb 7, 2012 BACKUP Slide 18

19. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 19 Multi Stage Flash

20. Feb 7, 2012 Slide 20 Solar Still Production Theory Correlations developed for modeling simple solar stills: Includes some experimental parameters  Requires testing of constructed prototype Relations can be used to identify areas to exploit: