2. All living and nonliving components found in a particular location that depend on each other to maintain a natural balance.

3. What are things that can disrupt an ecosystem’s natural balance?

4. What happens when a new species is introduced into an ecosystem?

5. Diverse Least likely to be damaged by human interactions, natural disasters, and climate change SO, why are ecosystems likely to be damaged by humans?

6. Food & water Space Movement Reproduction Composed of cells Able to use and make energy

7. Soil Atmosphere Heat Light Water Living organisms

8. The living and decayed plants, animals, and microorganisms of an ecosystem are called BIOTIC. Examples ?

9.  Producers  Consumers  Detritus (parts of dead organisms, cast off fragments and wastes of living organisms) The list above represents the job or role organisms play in an ecosystem The role or job an organism has is called a niche.

10.  Producers (autotrophs) - Photosynthesis  Consumers (heterotrophs) - Aerobic respiration  Decomposers

11. Primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.Primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. Herbivore - plant eaterHerbivore - plant eater Carnivore - meat eaterCarnivore - meat eater Omnivore - mixed plant/animal dietOmnivore - mixed plant/animal diet

12. Review notes – and on scrap paper create the diagram below. Fill boxes with vocabulary words – easier words go on bottom, tougher words on top. Ecological succession abiotic

14. Predation Competition Symbiotic Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism

15. 1) Outside energy source 2) Physical factors that determine weather, climate weather, climate 3) Chemicals essential for life

16. 1- When I call a number the person races to the back and searches for appropriate definition or term. 2 - Repeats phrases and hands definition to the person at the back of their row. 3 – Each person repeats the phrases and passes the term or definition to the front of the row. 4 – Each team with the correct response gets a point.

17. Population is ………………… ………………… ………

18. 0-1920-3940-5960-80Total Generation 14 Generation 28 Generation 312 Generation 416 Generation 516 Generation 616 Generation 716

19. 0-1920-3940-5960-80Total Generation 164 Generation 2326496 Generation 3163264112 Generation 48163264120 Generation 548163260 Generation 62481630 Generation 7124815

20. 0-1920-3940-5960-80Total Generation 144 Generation 26410 Generation 396419 Generation 41296431 Generation 518129645 Generation 6271812966 Generation 73927181296

21. 0-1920-3940-5960-80Total Generation 144 Generation 26410 Generation 396419 Generation 4896427 Generation 5889631 Generation 6888933 Generation 7888832

22. 0-1920-3940-5960-80Total Generation 144 Generation 28412 Generation 3168428 Generation 43216856 Generation 5643216112 Generation 61286432224 Generation 725612864448

23. 0-1920-3940-5960-80Total Generation 144 Generation 2044 Generation 34048 Generation 404048 Generation 540408 Generation 604048 Generation 740408

24. 0-1920-3940-5960-80Total Generation 116 Generation 2241640 Generation 336241676 Generation 454362416130 Generation 581543624195 Generation 6120815436291 Generation 71801208154435

32. What is biodiversity and why is it important to maintain it? What are some of the ways biodiversity is maintained?

33. Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers David Eatough

36. Habitat loss/destruction Habitat loss is the greatest reason for biodiversity loss. Habitat loss is due to: Conversion of natural areas to farms, houses, etc Fragmentation of ecosystems by human activities, housing, transportation, agriculture etc. Simplification of genetic diversity and complex ecosystems by planting/selecting monocultures. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lacanja_burn.JPG

37. Invasive / Exotic Species Invasive, exotic species introduced from elsewhere outcompete native species because they: Have no natural predators Colonize disturbed habitats quickly Have a high biotic potential (r-species) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta,_Georgia.jpg

38. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bufo_marinus_from_Australia.JPG Cane Toads – The Conquest movie

39. How are invasive species spread? How do invasive species affect biodiversity?

40. Characteristics of Invasive Species

41. Environmental Costs of Invasive Species

42. How does invasive species affect us economically?

43. Are there any benefits from invasive species?

44. Pollution Pollution (Oil spills, human agricultural waste, fertilization, pesticides, acid deposition, greenhouse gases etc) caused by human activities has a negative effect on biodiversity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlfedPalmersmokestacks.jpg

45. Population, Human overpopulation that is. 6.8 Billion and counting. The expansion of human population and affluence, especially in the developing world harms natural ecosystems. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_population.svg

46. Overharvesting, Overuse, Overexploitation Overhunting, overfishing, destructive harvesting practices (cyanide, dynamite), illegal trade, exotic pet industry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg

47. Human Population Increase Increasing Economic Activity Increased use of technology Social, political and cultural factors Land use change (Habitat loss) Increasing Economic Activity Increased use of technology Social, political and cultural factors Indirect (Underlying causes) Direct causes Declining Biological Diversity Raven, Berg, and Hassenzahl put it this way

48. How is biodiversity maintained?

49. One way biodiversity is maintained is through “mother nature” aka Nutrient Cycles * Water Cycle * Carbon Cycle * Nitrogen Cycle * Phosphorus Cycle

50. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Song Nitrogen Cycle Explained http://poster.4teachers.org/worksheet/view.php?id=123451

51. The Water Cycle

52. The Carbon Cycle Animation

53. The Phosphorus Cycle

55. Characteristics shared by many endangered species include: Low reproductive rate (biotic potential) Feed at high trophic levels (apex predator) Large body size Specialist Specialized feeding habits Specialized nesting and/or breeding areas Fixed migratory patterns Found in one place or region Rare Commercially valuable Negative human interactions including attacks on people or livestock

56. How can humanity protect biodiversity? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siproeta_epaphus_Galawebdesign.jpg

57. Important Laws Protecting Biodiversity Lacey Act (1900) forbids interstate commerce of illegally killed wildlife. Modifications of act prevent importing dangerous non-native species. Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 makes it illegal to kill, trap, uproot (plants), modify the habitat of, or engage in commerce of an endangered species or its parts. To designate a species as endangered or threatened, Fish and Wildlife Service or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration must: List species Designate critical habitat areas where species is found Develop a recovery plan to help species survive and thrive

58. The rich variety of the natural world that Charles Darwin memorably imagined as an "entangled bank", and that E. O. Wilson labeled "biodiversity", is in crisis. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) calculates that one-fifth of mammals and nearly one-third of amphibians are threatened with extinction. Some estimate that only half of the species alive today will survive to 2100. Others describe the pace of biodiversity loss as 100 times the rate of natural extinctions. Less-diverse ecosystems are less productive, less stable and less robust. So loss of biodiversity may weaken ecosystems and make them more fragile, especially in the face of climate change, with grave consequences for food security, among other things. Sara Abdulla, Chief Commissioning Editor, Nature March 2010

59. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MEAConservationStrategies.jpg

61. This summary of the relative effects by the year 2100 is a composite derived from calculations carried out for 12 individual terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems by O. E. Sala et al. (Science287, 1770–1774; 2000). Overall, changes in land use constitute the main estimated impact on biodiversity, but the pattern varies considerably for different ecosystems. According to Sala and colleagues' calculations, climate change will have the strongest effect on Arctic, alpine and boreal ecosystems, whereas biotic exchange (that is, invasion by non-native species) will exert its main influence in lakes.