1. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X1 Chapter 3 Control Statements

2. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X2 Objectives To declare bool type and write Boolean expressions using comparison operators (§3.2). To implement selection control using simple if statements (§3.3). To combine conditions using logical operators (&&, ||, and !) (§3.4). To implement selection control using if... else statements (§3.5). To implement selection control using nested if statements (§3.6).

3. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 3 Objectives (cont.) To implement selection control using switch statements (§3.9). To write expressions using the conditional operator (§3.10). To display formatted output using the stream manipulators (§3.11). To know the rules governing operand evaluation order, operator precedence, and operator associativity (§3.12).

4. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 4 The bool Type and Operators Values: true, false C++ provides six relational operators (also known as comparison operators) to compare two values. bool done; bool isGreater; done = false; isGreater = 5 < 3; //isGreater == false

5. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 5 Comparison Operators

6. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 6 Simple if Statements if (booleanExpression) { statement(s); } if (radius >= 0) { area = radius * radius * PI; cout << "The area for the circle of " << " radius " << radius << " is " << area; }

7. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 7 Compound Condition

8. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 8 Examples Listing 3.1 gives a program that checks whether a number is even or odd. The program prompts the user to enter an integer (line 9) and displays “number is even” if it is even (lines 11-12) and “number is odd” if it is odd (lines 14-15). TestBoolean Run

9. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 9 Caution Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common mistake. This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error or a runtime error, it is a logic error.

10. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 10 Examples This section uses the if statements to write an interesting game program. The program can find your birth date. The program prompts you to answer whether your birth date is in the following five sets of numbers: GuessBirthDate Run

11. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 11 Boolean Operators Operator Name ! not && and || or

12. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 12 Truth Table for Operator !

13. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 13 Truth Table for Operator &&

14. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 14 Truth Table for Operator ||

15. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 15 Examples Listing 3.3 gives a program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2 and 3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3 but not both: TestBooleanOperators Run

16. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 16 Example Write a program which read a number and determines whether it is Divisible by 2 and 3 Divisible by 2 or 3 Divisible by 2 or 3 but not by both

17. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 17 Example Input num Calculate Divisible by 2 And 3? Divisible by 2 Or 3? Divisible by 2 Or 3 but not both? Ouput results

18. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 18 Short-Circuit Operator Given: p1 && p2 C++ first evaluates p1 and then evaluates p2 if p1 is true; if p1 is false, it does not evaluate p2. When evaluating p1 || p2, C++ first evaluates p1 and then evaluates p2 if p1 is false; if p1 is true, it does not evaluate p2. Therefore, && is referred to as the conditional or short-circuit AND operator, and || is referred to as the conditional or short-circuit OR operator.

19. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 19 The if...else Statement if (booleanExpression) { statement(s)-for-the-true-case; } else { statement(s)-for-the-false-case; }

20. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 20 Examples Listing 3.4 presents a program that lets the user enter a year and checks whether it is a leap year. A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by 100 or if it is divisible by 400. So you can use the following Boolean expression to check whether a year is a leap year: (year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0) LeapYear Run

21. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 21 Nested if Statements a  1 b  2 c  3 if a c then put “Do” else put “Re” end if else if b > c then put “Mi” else put “Fa” end if end if

22. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 22 Nested if Statements a  1, b  2, c  3 a < b b > c put “Fa” put “Mi” put “Re” put “Do” T F F T T F

23. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 23 Nested if Statements if (i > k) { if (j > k) cout k"; } else cout << "i <= k";

24. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 24 Multiple Alternative if Statements

25. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 25 Trace if-else statement if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; Suppose score is 70.0The condition is false animation

26. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 26 Trace if-else statement if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; Suppose score is 70.0The condition is false animation

27. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 27 Trace if-else statement if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; Suppose score is 70.0The condition is true animation

28. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 28 Trace if-else statement if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; Suppose score is 70.0grade is C animation

29. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 29 Trace if-else statement if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F'; Suppose score is 70.0Exit the if statement animation

30. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 30 Your Turn F Write program which reads a letter grade and prints the corresponding points. E.g., A  4.0, B  #.0, etc.

31. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 31 Note The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the same block.

32. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 32 Note, cont. Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To force the else clause to match the first if clause, you must add a pair of braces: int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3; if (i > j) { if (i > k) cout << "A"; } else cout << "B"; This statement prints B.

33. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 33 TIP

34. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 34 CAUTION

35. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 35 Example: Computing Taxes The US federal personal income tax is calculated based on the filing status and taxable income. There are four filing statuses: single filers, married filing jointly, married filing separately, and head of household. The tax rates for 2002 are shown in Table 3.6.

36. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 36 Example: Computing Taxes, cont. ComputeTaxWithSelectionStatement if (status == 0) { // Compute tax for single filers } else if (status == 1) { // Compute tax for married file jointly } else if (status == 2) { // Compute tax for married file separately } else if (status == 3) { // Compute tax for head of household } else { // Display wrong status }

37. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 37 Example: A Simple Math Learning Tool SubtractionTutor Run This example creates a program for a first grader to practice subtractions. The program randomly generates two single-digit integers number1 and number2 with number1 > number2 and displays a question such as “What is 9 – 2?” to the student, as shown in the sample output. After the student types the answer, the program displays a message to indicate whether the answer is correct.

38. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 38 switch Statements switch (status) { case 0: compute taxes for single filers; break; case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly; break; case 2: compute taxes for married file separately; break; case 3: compute taxes for head of household; break; default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid status"); System.exit(0); }

39. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 39 switch Statement Flow Chart

40. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 40 switch Statement Rules switch (switch-expression) { case value1: statement(s)1; break; case value2: statement(s)2; break; … case valueN: statement(s)N; break; default: statement(s)-for-default; } The switch-expression must yield a value of char, byte, short, or int type and must always be enclosed in parentheses. The value1,..., and valueN must have the same data type as the value of the switch-expression. The resulting statements in the case statement are executed when the value in the case statement matches the value of the switch- expression. Note that value1,..., and valueN are constant expressions, meaning that they cannot contain variables in the expression, such as 1 + x.

41. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 41 switch Statement Rules The keyword break is optional, but it should be used at the end of each case in order to terminate the remainder of the switch statement. If the break statement is not present, the next case statement will be executed. switch (switch-expression) { case value1: statement(s)1; break; case value2: statement(s)2; break; … case valueN: statement(s)N; break; default: statement(s)-for-default; } The default case, which is optional, can be used to perform actions when none of the specified cases matches the switch-expression. The case statements are executed in sequential order, but the order of the cases (including the default case) does not matter. However, it is good programming style to follow the logical sequence of the cases and place the default case at the end.

42. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 42 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch; case 'b': cout << ch; case 'c': cout << ch; } Suppose ch is 'a': animation

43. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 43 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch; case 'b': cout << ch; case 'c': cout << ch; } ch is 'a': animation

44. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 44 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch; case 'b': cout << ch; case 'c': cout << ch; } Execute this line animation

45. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 45 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch; case 'b': cout << ch; case 'c': cout << ch; } animation Execute this line

46. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 46 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch; case 'b': cout << ch; case 'c': cout << ch; } animation Execute this line

47. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 47 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch; case 'b': cout << ch; case 'c': cout << ch; } Next statement; animation Execute next statement

48. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 48 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch; break; case 'b': cout << ch ; break ; case 'c': cout << ch ; } Suppose ch is 'a': animation

49. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 49 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch ; break; case 'b': cout << ch ; break ; case 'c': cout << ch; } ch is 'a': animation

50. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 50 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch ; break; case 'b': cout << ch ; break ; case 'c': cout << ch ; } Execute this line animation

51. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 51 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch ; break; case 'b': cout << ch ; break ; case 'c': cout << ch ; } Execute this line animation

52. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 52 Trace switch statement switch (ch) { case 'a': cout << ch ; break; case 'b': cout << ch ; break ; case 'c': cout << ch ; } Next statement; Execute next statement animation

53. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 53 Conditional Operator if (x > 0) y = 1 else y = -1; is equivalent to y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1; (booleanExpression) ? expression1 : expression2 Ternary operator Binary operator Unary operator

54. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 54 Conditional Operator cout << ((num % 2 == 0) ? "num is even" : "num is odd");

55. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 55 Conditional Operator, cont. (booleanExp) ? exp1 : exp2

56. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 56 Formatting Output

57. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 57 Operator Precedence How to evaluate 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) – 1?

58. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 58 Operator Precedence F var++, var--  +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var, --var F (type) Casting F ! (Not)  *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and remainder)  +, - (Binary addition and subtraction) , >= (Comparison)  ==, !=; (Equality) F && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND F || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR  =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)

59. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 59 Enumerated Types enum Day {MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY}; Once a type is defined, you can declare a variable of that type: Day day; The variable day can hold one of the values defined in the enumerated type. For example, the following statement assigns enumerated value MONDAY to variable day: day = MONDAY;

60. Liang, Introduction to C++ Programming, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 013225445X 60 Enumerated Types As with any other type, you can declare and initialize a variable in one statement: Day day = MONDAY; Furthermore, C++ allows you to declare an enumerated type and variable in one statement. For example, enum Day {MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY} day = MONDAY; TestEnumeratedType Run