1. Chapter 5: Tissues

2. Introduction Tissue: Four types (Table 5.1):
Def – cells organized into groups and layers all with the same function
Rely upon extracellular matrix (contains nutrients needed for cells to thrive, transmits signals)
Four types (Table 5.1):
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous

3. Epithelial Tissue Location Function Characteristics
Lines exposed surfaces of body
Forms inner lining of body cavities
Covers organs
Function
Protection, absorption, secretion
Characteristics
One side is exposed, one side is anchored to basement membrane (connective tissue)
Tightly packed cells with little to no blood vessels
Readily divide

4. Connective Tissue Location Function Characteristics
Throughout body (bone, blood, cartilage)
Function
Support and protection, binds structures, fills spaces, stores fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, repair tissue damage
Characteristics
Cells have spaces between them filled with extracellular matrix
Can usually divide and have good blood supply
Can be flexible or rigid in nature

5. Muscle Tissue Location Function Characteristics
Throughout body (skeletal muscles, heart muscle, muscles in tracts and tubes)
Function
Provide movement
Characteristics
Cells can shorten
Contract/relax in response to stimuli

6. Nervous Tissue Location Function Characteristics
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout body
Function
Transmit signals across body
Coordinate, regulate, integrate body functions
Characteristics
Respond to changes in their surroundings
Basic cell :neuron

7. Epithelial Tissue Classification
Classified by shape and # of layers
Shape
Squamous
Cubiodal
Columnar
# of Layers
Simple- one layer
Stratified- multiple layers

8. Simple Squamous Form Function Locations
Single layer, flattened, tile- like cells
Tightly packed
Easily damaged
Function
Diffusion (substances pass through easily) and filtration
Locations
Alveoli in lungs
Capillaries

10. Simple Cuboidal Form Function Location Single layer cube-shaped cells
Central nucleus
Function
Secretion and absorption
Location
Lining of kidney tubules
Lining of some gland ducts (thyroid, salivary, pancreas, liver)
Covers ovaries

12. Simple Columnar Form Function Location
Single layer elongated, column-like cells
Can be ciliated
Goblet cell scattered
Function
Protection, secretion, and absorption
Location
Lining of digestive tract
Female reproductive tubes (cilia aid in egg movement)

14. Pseudostratified Columnar
Form
Single layer elongated cells with nuclei at different heights, often ciliated
Appear layered
Goblet cells scattered
Function
Movement of particles
Trap dust/microorganisms
Location
Lining of respiratory passages

16. Stratified Squamous Form Function Location
Several layers of tile-like cells
Thick
Divide and push old cells up
Function
Protection (microorganisms)
Keritinize (harden and die) providing layer to prevent water loss
Location
Outer layer of skin
Linings of cavities opening to the outside

18. Stratified Cuboidal Form Function Location
Several layers of cube- shaped cells
Function
Protection
Location
Linings of larger ducts of glands
Ovary follicle

19. Stratified Columnar Form Function Location Several layers
Outer layer elongated cells
Function
Protection and secretion
Location
Parts of pharynx
Parts of male reproductive system

20. Transitional Form Function Location
Several layers of rounded cell that can stretch to form layers of flattened cells
Function
Stretch
Forms barrier to prevent diffusion of materials back
Location
Bladder
Ureter
Parts of urethra

22. Glandular Epithelium Function: secrete and produce
Endocrine vs Exocrine
Endocrine- released into interstitial fluid or bloodstream
Exocrine- released into duct or onto surface
Serous vs Mucous
Serous- found in cavities closed to the inside
Mucous- found in cavities with exposure to outside

25. Connective Tissue Cells
Fibroblasts- fixed cells that secrete protein fibers
Characteristics:
Collagenous- thick threads with a high tensile strength but only a little elasticity
Elastic- thin, networked thread; not as strong but elastic
Recticular- thin delicate threads; forms framework in some organs
Macrophages (histiocytes)- roaming cells that eat cellular debris and foreign particles by phagocytosis
Mast cells- fixed cells that release heparin and histamine

27. Loose Connective Form Function Location
Scattered cells and fibers in matrix
Mainly fibroblasts
Very low tensile strength
Thin, delicate
Function
Binds organs together (especially skin to underlying organs)
Location
Beneath many epithelial layers including skin
Between muscles

29. Adipose (fat) From Function Location
Specialized form of loose connective where fat cells store enough fat to crowd other things out of the tissue
Function
Storage of energy (in fat), insulation, protection, cushion
Location
All throughout body
Beneath skin, spaces in between muscles, around kidneys, behind eyes, surface of heart, around joints

31. Dense Connective Form Function Location
Few cells, highly packed with thick collagenous fibers
Very strong
Few elastic fibers
Function
Binds organs together (muscle to bone, bone to bone)
Protective layer of eye
Location
Tendons and ligaments
Deep layers of skin
Eye

33. Cartilage
Form
Cartilage cell (chondrocytes) surrounded with a gel-like matrix
Rigid
Function
Supports
Protects underlying tissue (cushions bones)
Forms framework with some flexibility
Provides attachment
Location
Ends of bones
Ears
Nose

34. Bone Form Function Location
Bone cells (osteocytes) surrounded by rigid matrix of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate salts
Most rigid connective tissue
Function
Supports, protects, provides framework
Muscle attachment
Form blood cells
Store/release inorganic chemicals
Location
Bones

35. Blood Form Function Location Cells suspended in plasma matrix
Three types: RBCs, WBCs, plasma
Function
Transports materials (exchange of materials)
Help maintain internal environment
Location
Blood

36. Muscle Tissue Location Function Characteristics
Throughout body (skeletal muscles, heart muscle, muscles in tracts and tubes)
Function
Provide movement
Characteristics
Cells shorten

37. Muscle Tissue Types Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Voluntary, striated, multiple nuclei/cell
Ex: Skeletal muscles (quadriceps, triceps)
Cardiac
Involuntary, striated, one nucleus/cell
Ex: Heart muscle
Smooth
Involuntary, unstriated, one nucleus/cell
Ex: Esophagus, stomach wall

39. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Form
Long thread-like cells with banding, striations, along the length
Cell w/ many nuclei
Function
Voluntary movements
Talk, smile, swallow, breathe, sing, etc.
Location
Attached to bones

41. Cardiac Muscle Tissue Form Function Location
Complex network of branching, striated cells connected by intercalated disks
Function
Movement of heart
Involuntary movement
Location
Heart (only!)

43. Smooth Muscle Tissue Form Function Location
Spindle-shaped cells lacking striations and poorly organized
Function
Movement of internal organs
Involuntary movement
Location
Walls of internal organs (stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, blood vessels

45. Nervous Tissue Location Function Characteristics
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout body
Function
Transmit signals (nerve impulses) across body
Coordinate, regulate, integrate bodily functions
Characteristics
Respond to changes in their surroundings
Basic cell: neuron

46. Nervous Tissue Types Neurons Neuroglial cells
Basic cellular unit of nervous system
Transmit the messages
Senses environmental changes
Neuroglial cells
Support neurons
Bind nervous tissue
Supply nutrients to neurons

47. Types of Membranes Epithelial: 3 Types Connective
Serous- release serous fluid and line cavities not exposed to the outside, lubricate membrane surface
Mucous- release mucous and line cavities that open to outside (oral/nasal cavity, digestive/respiratory/ urinary/reproductive tubes)
Cutaneous- skin
Connective
Synovial- lines joints