1. Midterms Review Pictorial Project By Prem Ganeshkumar 2 nd Period

2. Johannes Kepler German astronomer and mathematician who tried to mathematically prove Copernicus’s hypotheses about the Earth. One of the earliest Enlightenment scientists.

3. Natural Law A universal moral law that, like physical laws, could be understood by applying reason. Political scientists such as Hobbes and Locke pondered this at length.

4. Restoration The period in England in which the Merry Monarch, Charles II, of the House of Stuart was returned to the throne as a constitutional monarch. Everybody was happy because he allowed a constitution to be written, limiting his powers.

5. Olive Branch Petition A petition for peaceful compromise from the Continental Congress to King George III, which was refused. This really kicked off the American Revolution.

6. Robespierre One of the leaders of the Jacobins (Radical Left Wing Liberals) in the French National Convention. He practically ruled France during the “Reign of Terror”.

7. Elba An island off the coast of Italy that Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled to after being defeated. Napoleon came back and tried to take over again, but was defeated at Waterloo and put back in exile, this time farther away.

8. Collective Bargaining When union leaders meet with an employer to discuss problems and reach an agreement. Both sides come to a compromise where everyone is happy.

9. Edward Jenner English surgeon, invented vaccination, discovered smallpox vaccine. Louis Pasteur based his research on Jenner’s discovery.

10. Romanticism An artistic movement in which human emotions and imagination were emphasized over reason. This started an artistic revolution where traditional forms of art were neglected.

11. Robert Owen A wealthy Welsh manufacturer who attempted to construct model industrial societies using socialism. His first experiment was a success, but his second one wasn’t really successful.

12. Les Trois Glorieuses Revolution in which Bourbon monarchy was overthrown in France, and King Louis-Philippe (Citizen King) took the throne. However, he was later revolted against, and Louis-Napoleon took the office of President in the new French Republic.

13. Charles X Les Trois Glorieuses The brother of Louis XVIII who tried to bring back absolute monarchy by attempting to put ultraroyalists in power. He was overthrown in “Les Trois Glorieuses”

14. Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Chinese doctor, who formed the revolutionary United League against the Chinese empire, later became the first president of the new Chinese Republic. He brought China forward enough to compete with other powers.

15. Culture System An effective method of forced labor used by the Dutch in the Dutch East Indies to gather raw materials. It caused the Dutch to be envied by other empires.