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A Family of Planets Chapter 9
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Astronomical Unit Astronomical unit - AU Light-minute
The average distance between the Earth and the sun Approximately 150 million km Light-minute Light travels 18,000,000 km in 1 minute Distance from Earth to the sun 1 AU or 8.3 light minutes
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Our Solar System My Very Energetic Mother Just Served Us Nachos.
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Rotation Prograde rotation Retrograde rotation
Counter-clockwise spin of a planet or moon Same as sun’s rotation Ex. Earth Retrograde rotation Clockwise spin of planet or moon Right/regular-just like a clock Ex. Venus
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Inner Solar System Inner planets Terrestrial Planets
Surfaces are dense and rocky Smaller than outer planets Contain 4 planets closest to the sun Mars Earth Venus Mercury
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Inner Planet – Mercury CLOSEST TO THE SUN SMALLEST PLANET
Slow rotation 1 day on Mercury = 59 Earth days (longer day) 1 year on Mercury = 88 Earth days (shorter year)
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Planet Statistics Planet Distance from the sun Period of rotation
Period of revolution Surface temperature Mercury 3.2 light-minutes 58 days, 19 h 88 days -173 ºC to 427 ºC Earth 8.3 light-minutes 23 h, 56 min 365 days, 6 h -13 ºC to 37 ºC
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Inner Planet - Venus HOTTEST OF ALL PLANETS BRIGHTEST PLANET
High surface temperature 464 ºC BRIGHTEST PLANET EARTH’S TWIN More like Earth than any other planet Retrograde rotation Air mostly Sulfuric Acid & CO2
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Planet Statistics Planet Distance from the sun Period of rotation
Period of revolution Surface temperature Mercury 3.2 light-minutes 58 days, 19 h 88 days -173 ºC to 427 ºC Venus 6.0 light-minutes 243 days, 16 h (R) 224 days, 17 h 464 ºC Earth 8.3 light-minutes 23 h, 56 min 365 days, 6 h -13 ºC to 37 ºC
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Inner Planet - Earth Only planet known to support LIFE because of LIQUID WATER ON ITS SURFACE Water in 3 states (solid, liquid, & gas) TWIN TO VENUS Oasis in space Temperatures range from -130C to 370C
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Planet Statistics Planet Distance from the sun Period of rotation
Period of revolution Surface temperature Mercury 3.2 light-minutes 58 days, 19 h 88 days -173 ºC to 427 ºC Venus 6.0 light-minutes 243 days, 16 h (R) 224 days, 17 h 464 ºC Earth 8.3 light-minutes 23 h, 56 min 365 days, 6 h -13 ºC to 37 ºC
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Inner Planet - Mars RED PLANET Most studied planet other than Earth
Cold planet Thinner atmosphere Only water on the surface is ice Spacecraft landed on Mars & rovers continue to collect data Largest mountain in solar system
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Planet Statistics Planet Distance from the sun Period of rotation
Period of revolution Surface temperature Mercury 3.2 light-minutes 58 days, 19 h 88 days -173 ºC to 427 ºC Venus 6.0 light-minutes 243 days, 16 h (R) 224 days, 17 h 464 ºC Earth 8.3 light-minutes 23 h, 56 min 365 days, 6 h -13 ºC to 37 ºC Mars 12.7 light-minutes 24 h, 40 min 1 year, 322 days -123 ºC to 37 ºC
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Outer Solar System Outer planets GAS GIANTS Large
Mostly composed of gases Large Deep massive atmospheres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
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Outer Planet -Jupiter LARGEST PLANET IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
Made mostly of helium and hydrogen Has thin, faint rings 5 missions to Jupiter Temperature on surface -1530C GREAT RED SPOT Storm system More than 400 years old 3 times the diameter of Earth
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Planet Statistics Planet Distance from the sun Period of rotation
Period of revolution Surface temperature Mercury 3.2 light-minutes 58 days, 19 h 88 days -173 ºC to 427 ºC Venus 6.0 light-minutes 243 days, 16 h (R) 224 days, 17 h 464 ºC Earth 8.3 light-minutes 23 h, 56 min 365 days, 6 h -13 ºC to 37 ºC Mars 12.7 light-minutes 24 h, 40 min 1 year, 322 days -123 ºC to 37 ºC Jupiter 43.3 light-minutes 9 h, 54 min 11 years, 313 days -110 ºC
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Outer Planet - Saturn 2ND LARGEST PLANET MOST MOONS OF ANY PLANET
LARGE BRIGHT RINGS Made of icy particles Density is less than 1 Planet would float on water
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Planet Statistics Planet Distance from the sun Period of rotation
Period of revolution Surface temperature Mercury 3.2 light-minutes 58 days, 19 h 88 days -173 ºC to 427 ºC Venus 6.0 light-minutes 243 days, 16 h (R) 224 days, 17 h 464 ºC Earth 8.3 light-minutes 23 h, 56 min 365 days, 6 h -13 ºC to 37 ºC Mars 12.7 light-minutes 24 h, 40 min 1 year, 322 days -123 ºC to 37 ºC Jupiter 43.3 light-minutes 9 h, 54 min 11 years, 313 days -110 ºC Saturn 1.3 light-hours 10 h, 42 min 29 years, 155 days -140 ºC
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Outer Planet - Uranus TIPPED OVER ON ITS SIDE (TILTED) TWIN TO NEPTUNE
Atmosphere mostly hydrogen & methane Appears blue-green in color 2.7 Light-hours from sun
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Planet Statistics Planet Distance from the sun Period of rotation
Period of revolution Surface temperature Mercury 3.2 light-minutes 58 days, 19 h 88 days -173 ºC to 427 ºC Venus 6.0 light-minutes 243 days, 16 h (R) 224 days, 17 h 464 ºC Earth 8.3 light-minutes 23 h, 56 min 365 days, 6 h -13 ºC to 37 ºC Mars 12.7 light-minutes 24 h, 40 min 1 year, 322 days -123 ºC to 37 ºC Jupiter 43.3 light-minutes 9 h, 54 min 11 years, 313 days -110 ºC Saturn 1.3 light-hours 10 h, 42 min 29 years, 155 days -140 ºC Uranus 2.7 light-hours 17 h, 12 min (R) 83 years, 273 days -195 ºC
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Outer Planet - Neptune ATMOSPHERE HAS BELTS OF CLOUD TWIN TO URANUS
Blue planet Has set very narrow rings Gas giant farthest from sun Day is about 16 hours
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Planet Statistics Planet Distance from the sun Period of rotation
Period of revolution Surface temperature Mercury 3.2 light-minutes 58 days, 19 h 88 days -173 ºC to 427 ºC Venus 6.0 light-minutes 243 days, 16 h (R) 224 days, 17 h 464 ºC Earth 8.3 light-minutes 23 h, 56 min 365 days, 6 h -13 ºC to 37 ºC Mars 12.7 light-minutes 24 h, 40 min 1 year, 322 days -123 ºC to 37 ºC Jupiter 43.3 light-minutes 9 h, 54 min 11 years, 313 days -110 ºC Saturn 1.3 light-hours 10 h, 42 min 29 years, 155 days -140 ºC Uranus 2.7 light-hours 17 h, 12 min (R) 83 years, 273 days -195 ºC Neptune 4.2 light-hours 16 h, 6 min 163 years, 263 days -200 ºC
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What about Pluto? Reclassified as DWARF PLANET Smaller body
Located beyond the orbit of Neptune Made of rock and ice MAY be leftover material from an early solar system
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Planet Statistics Planet Distance from the sun Period of rotation
Period of revolution Surface temperature Mercury 3.2 light-minutes 58 days, 19 h 88 days -173 ºC to 427 ºC Venus 6.0 light-minutes 243 days, 16 h (R) 224 days, 17 h 464 ºC Earth 8.3 light-minutes 23 h, 56 min 365 days, 6 h -13 ºC to 37 ºC Mars 12.7 light-minutes 24 h, 40 min 1 year, 322 days -123 ºC to 37 ºC Jupiter 43.3 light-minutes 9 h, 54 min 11 years, 313 days -110 ºC Saturn 1.3 light-hours 10 h, 42 min 29 years, 155 days -140 ºC Uranus 2.7 light-hours 17 h, 12 min (R) 83 years, 273 days -195 ºC Neptune 4.2 light-hours 16 h, 6 min 163 years, 263 days -200 ºC *Pluto* 5.4 light-hours 6 days, 10 h (R) 248 years, 4 days -225 ºC
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Moons Moons Earth’s moon called Luna
Natural satellites that revolve around larger bodies like planets Earth’s moon called Luna Scientists believe Earth’s moon is part of the Earth’s mantle that was blasted into orbit from a collision while the Earth was still forming Period of rotation Period of revolution Surface temperature Moon 27 days, 9 hours 27 days, 7 hours -170 ºC to 134 ºC
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Comets Comets “Dirty snowballs” Elliptical orbit around sun
Small body of ice, rock, and cosmic dust loosely packet together “Dirty snowballs” Elliptical orbit around sun Comet tails Solar radiation heats the ice so comet gives off gas in dust in the form of a long tail
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Asteroids Asteroids Small rock bodies that revolve around the sun Range in size from a few meters to 900 km in diameter Most asteroids orbit the sun in an asteroid belt Asteroid belt Wide region between Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids orbit
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Meteoroids, Meteors, & Meteorites
Small, rocky body that revolves around the sun (smaller than asteroids) Meteor – Next meteor show Dec. 13 “Shooting star” Bright streak of light caused by a meteoroid or comet Meteoroid burns up in Earth’s atmosphere Meteorite A meteoroid that falls into Earth’s atmosphere and strikes the ground (does not burn up totally) 3 major types – stony, metallic, stony-iron
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Barringer Meteor Crater, Arizona
The largest single meteorite found in the United States is the fifteen ton Willamette (Oregon) iron meteorite found in 1902.
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