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Chapter 8 Opposition to Slavery 1800-1833
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I. A Country in Turmoil Late 1820s was a time of great change Fears
Transportation and market revolution Industrialization and immigration Banking and money influence public policy Fears People felt threatened Paranoia
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Political Paranoia Corrupt bargain Democratic party
Protected workers and farmers from the “money power” States’ rights Protected slavery from national government interference Supported expanding slavery into new regions
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Political Paranoia (cont.)
Democratic party Traditional view of women’s role in society Subservient Advocated white supremacy African Americans designed by God to be slaves “Slave power”
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Political Paranoia (cont.)
Whigs Opposed Jackson and the Democrats Anti-Masonic party Believed Freemasons wanted to destroy government Supported active, nationalist government Greater emphasis on morality and Protestantism Reformers Opposed territorial expansion Attracted opponents to slavery
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The Second Great Awakening
Government and heaven becoming democratic Take control in religion away from established clergy People have a role in their own salvation Influenced black churches that emerged in 1800s-1810s Charles G. Finney Perfectionism Reform movements
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The Benevolent Empire Practical Christianity
Reform: public education, temperance, prison reform, mentally and physically handicapped Antislavery societies
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Abolitionism Begins in America
Pre-revolutionary Southern slaves sought to free themselves Received help from free blacks and a few whites Did not seek to destroy slave labor system
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Abolitionism Begins in America (cont.)
Post-revolutionary Black and white abolitionists from the North Quakers Organized first antislavery society, 1775 Society for the Promotion of the Abolition of Slavery, 1784 Attracted non-Quakers Gradual emancipation Not equal rights Little emphasis on southern slavery Emotionalism and Action Second Great Awakening and Benevolent Empire
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From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey
Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 1800 Haitian refugees Revolutionary rhetoric Revolutionary spirit Insurrectionary network lived on
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From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.)
Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 1800 Consequences Chesapeake antislavery societies declined Ended hope to abolish slavery in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina Fears of race war Rebellions Not caused by slavery Black people were suited and content Free black people Free black people were dangerous and criminal Economic threat to white people
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From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.)
Familiar with revolutionary rhetoric Haitian revolts French Revolution Missouri Crisis Antislavery speeches
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From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.)
Denmark Vesey: Consequences Charleston Destroyed AME church Improved slave patrols Outlawed slave assemblages Banned teaching slaves to read Black seaman jailed until ships ready to leave port Increasingly suspicious of Free African-Americans White Yankee visitors
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III. The American Colonization Society
ACS, 1816 Proposed gradual emancipation With compensation Sending ex-slaves and freed people to Liberia Support of southern slaveholders Northern supporters preferred giving a choice
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Black Nationalism White prejudice denied blacks full citizenship
Liberia Haiti Prince Hall Paul Cuffe Henry Highland Garnet Alexander Crummel
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Opposition to Colonization
Americans not Africans Preferred to improve conditions in America Worried that “voluntary” colonization would be forced Most southern states required the expulsion of slaves individually freed by masters Efforts to expel all free black people or return them to slavery Arkansas, 1858 ACS considered a proslavery scheme to force free black people to choose between reenslavement or banishment.
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IV. Black Women Abolitionists
19th century rigid gender hierarchy Denied women access to law, politics, business, Most black women poor, lacked education Slave and free risked all harboring fugitive slaves Used meager savings to purchase freedom Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, 1833 Maria Stewart (See PROFILE) First women to address male audiences in public
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V. The Baltimore Alliance
Benjamin Lundy Quaker Genius of Universal Emancipation William Watkins (See VOICES) Freedom’s Journal William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator Immediate emancipation without compensation or expatriation Equal rights Altered abolition in America
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VI. David Walker’s Appeal
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829 Aggressively attacked slavery and white racism Advocated violence Frightened white southerners Pamphlet was regarded as dangerous in the Old South Found among slaves in southern parts See PROFILE
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VII. Nat Turner Nat Turner
Learned to read as a child Studied the Bible Saw visions Believed God intended him to lead people to freedom Revolt, August 1831 Virginia state constitutional convention, 1829 Class tensions Emancipation
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Nat Turner (cont.) Turner’s Revolt
Shaped a new era in American abolition Whites everywhere blamed abolitionists Northern abolitionists asserted hope for peaceful struggle Accorded heroic stature by northern abolitionists
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VIII. Conclusion The Second Great Awakening and Reform Movement
Shaped slavery Gabriel, Vesey, and Turner Employed violence Northern abolitionists Employed newspapers, books, petitions, and speeches Slaves’ resistance Influenced northern abolitionists
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