2.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 1 Systems Planning and Analysis Chapter 10

3.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 2 Learning Objective 1 Describe the relationship of systems analysis to systems development as a whole.

4.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 3 Overview of Systems Planning and Analysis Systems planning involves identifying subsystems within the information system. Systems analysis begins after systems planning has identified subsystems for development.

5.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 4 Overview of Systems Planning and Analysis Objectives of Systems Analysis Objectives of Systems Analysis 1. Gain an understanding of the existing system (if one exists). 2. Identify and understand problems. 3. Express identified problems in terms of information needs and system requirements. and system requirements. 4. Clearly identify subsystems to be given highest priority. Focus n Identify critical success factors. n Give special attention to these factors.

6.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 5 Overview of Systems Planning and Analysis Cost Patterns at Varying Development Stages Cost in Dollars SystemsAnalysisSystemsDesignSystemsImplementation

7.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 6 Systems Planning and Feasibility Analysis Phases 4. Developing a strategic information systems plan 1. Discussing and planning on the part of top management 2. Establishing a systems planning steering committee 3. Establishing overall objectives and constraints

8.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 7 Systems Planning and Feasibility Analysis Phases 5. Identifying and prioritizing specific areas within the organization for the systems development focus 6. Setting forth a systems proposal. 7. Assembling a team of individuals for purposes of the analysis and preliminary systems design

9.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 8 Systems Planning and Top Management Developing objectives and system constraints Developing a strategic systems plan Identifying individual projects for priority Commissioning the systems project

10.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 9 Learning Objectives 2 and 4 Describe the various stages of systems analysis. Describe some of the human problems involved in systems analysis.

11.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 10 The Steps of Systems Analysis Step 2: Identifyinformationneeds Step 1: Surveycurrentsystem Step 3: Identifysystemsrequirements Step 4: Systemsanalysisreport

12.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 11 Phase I: Survey the Present System Gain a fundamental understanding of the operational aspects of the system. Establish a working relationship with users. Collect important data. Identify specific problems.

13.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 12 Phase I: Survey the Present System Communication Gap Problem Systems Analyst Management Resistance to change JobsecurityUncertainty

14.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 13 Phase I: Survey the Present System Get to know as many people involved in the system as soon as possible. Communicate the benefits of the proposed system.

15.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 14 Phase I: Survey the Present System Sources for gathering facts Analysis of survey findings Inside Outside

16.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 15 Phase II: Identify Information Needs Identify the manager’s primary job responsibilities. Identify the means by which the manager is evaluated. Identify some of the major problems the manager faces. Identify the means by which the manager evaluates personal output.

17.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 16 Phase III: Identify the Systems Requirements

18.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 17 Phase IV: Develop a Systems Analysis Report What are key elements of this report? A summary of the scope and purpose of the analysis project A reiteration of the relationship of the project to the overall strategic information systems plan A description of any overall problems in the specific subsystem being studied

19.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 18 Phase IV: Develop a Systems Analysis Report A summary of the decisions being made and their specific information requirements Specification of system performance requirements An overall cost budget and timetable Recommendations for improving the existing system and modifying objectives

20.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 19 Learning Objective 3 Discuss the major techniques for gathering and organizing data for systems analysis.

21.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 20 Techniques for Fact Organization Warnier–Orr Illustration Due date > =Discount = Determinetoday’s datepercent × discountgross amount ComputeDue date <Discount = 0 total amounttoday’s date due for invoicesAmount due = (n)gross – discount Accumulate total amount due +

22.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 21 Techniques for Gathering Facts for Analysis Closed-ended questionnaire Open-ended questionnaire Structured interview Depth interview Document reviews Observation

23.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 22 Techniques for Fact Organization Flow charting Functional analysis Matrix analysis Decision analysis Work distribution Work measurement Hierarchical function Narratives File/report summaries

24.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 23 Structured Systems Analysis This is an approach to systems analysis that begins with a general description of a particular system. Logical flow diagrams versus Flowcharts Systems design versus Systems analysis

25.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 24 Steps in Structured Systems Analysis Develop logical data flow diagrams Define data dictionaries Define access methods Define process logic

26.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 25 Purchasing System Context Diagram Purchasingsystem Stores Requisition VendorsPurchaseorder PurchasedetailsPurchasefile

27.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 26 Expansion of Purchasing System Context Diagram Stores Validaterequisition Vendors Requisition Requisitiondetails Purchaseorder Purchasefile Preparepurchaseorder Details

28.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 27 Structured English Access purchase file for each purchase requisition. IF account no. on requisition equals account-no-1 THEN flag account-no-1 field ELSE IF account no. on requisition equals account-no-2 THEN flag account-no-2 field ELSE (none of the above) SO void the transaction and generate error code

29.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 28 Learning Objectives 5 and 7 Describe the various steps involved in specifying systems design alternatives. Describe the content of a systems design proposal.

30.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 29 Steps in Systems Design Systemsimplementation Systems review and control Systemsplanning and analysis Systems Design Evaluatevariousdesigns1Preparedesignspecifications2Systemsdesignspecifications3

31.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 30 Evaluating Design Alternatives Enumeration of design alternatives Describing the alternatives Evaluating the alternatives Preparing design specifications

32.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 31 Design of System Elements Reports and other outputs Databasedesign Specifyprocessing Specifyinputs Controlconsiderations Type of control Function of control Applicable systems component

33.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 32 Preparing and Submitting Specifications What should the design proposal include? Specific timetables for completion Budget Description of personnel requirements Flowcharts Other diagrams

34.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 33 Learning Objective 6 Discuss the various considerations relevant to preparing design specifications.

35.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 34 Design Considerations System Element Design Consideration Outputs (report or document)Cost effectiveness RelevanceClarityTimeliness DatabaseCost effectiveness IntegrationStandardizationFlexibilitySecurityAccuracyEfficiencyOrganization

36.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 35 Design Considerations System Element Design Consideration Data processingCost effectiveness UniformityIntegrationAccuracy Data inputCost effectiveness AccuracyUniformityIntegration Controls and security measuresCost effectiveness ComprehensivenessAppropriateness

37.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 36 Learning Objective 8 Summarize several major design techniques.

38.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 37 Design Techniques Forms design Database design Systems design packages

39.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 38 Learning Objective 9 Discuss the usefulness of systems design packages.

40.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 39 Systems Design Packages Data flow diagrams Narrative documentation Screen and report prototypes Data dictionary descriptions

41.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 40 Choosing Software and Hardware What are some advantages of purchased software packages? They are cheaper. They are already debugged. Trials of the product can be made prior to investing a great deal of money.

42.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 41 Choosing Software and Hardware What is the main disadvantage of purchased software packages? They rarely exactly meet a company’s needs.

43.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 42 Choosing Software and Hardware It is usually safe to be content with the hardware on which that software runs. It is recommended to get machinery that is upwardly compatible.

44.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 43 “Real” Systems Life Cycle DisillusionmentTotalconfusionWildenthusiasm

45.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 44 “Real” Systems Life Cycle Search for the guilty Punishment of the innocent Promotion of nonparticipants

46.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 45 Communication Problems in Systems Development As proposed by the user manager As approved by the steering committee As structured by the data administrator

47.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 46 Communication Problems in Systems Development As designed by the lead analyst What the user actuallywanted As implemented by the application programmers

48.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 10 – 47 End of Chapter 10