2. BELLWORK 1.What was the National Assembly? 2.Who was Marie Antoinette? Why was she unpopular in France? List three reasons! Read “The Guillotine” on pg. 348 and answer the following questions: 3.What does the guillotine symbolize? 4.Who invented the guillotine? 5.THINKER: Why was the guillotine considered a more humane form of execution? Do you agree with this?

4. The Guillotine Named after Dr. Joseph- Ignace Guillotin, a French medical doctor and lawmaker. He did not invent the guillotine. In 1790, he proposed that every criminal who was sentenced to death should be executed in the same way, regardless of social rank. He argued that France should use the guillotine to execute criminals, because it was a humane, egalitarian form of execution.

6. A Humane, Egalitarian Form of Execution? Before the French Revolution, criminals would be executed in different ways, based upon their social rank. Condemned nobles would be given a quick death by beheading. Commoners often faced torture and a long, drawn- out death. With the guillotine, Dr. Guillotin and other officials thought that they could execute criminals without causing pain or suffering.

7. The National Assembly adopted Guillotin’s proposal in 1791. It became the official execution method of France in 1792. Louis XVI signed it into law. He also stated that this method was the only "humane“ form of execution, which ensured the condemned a quick and painless death.

8. Law on the death penalty, and the mode of execution to be followed in the future.

9. The official executioner of the French Revolution, Charles-Louis Sanson, said this about the guillotine: “Relative to the methods of execution practiced heretofore, this machine has several advantages. It is less repugnant: no man's hands will be tainted with the blood of his fellow being, and the worst of the ordeal for the condemned man will be his own fear of death, a fear more painful to him than the stroke which deprives him of life” (April 25th, 1792).

12. What do all these scenes of execution have in common?

13. Americas Map Quiz EXTRA CREDIT: 21. What is the capital of Peru? 22. The majority of the Amazon River runs through which South American country?

14. Establishing a new French Government Read pgs. 340-342 and answer the following 15 questions in your notes! This is important information about the Fr.Rev. so make sure you are reading! 1.Who was Marquis de Lafayette? 2.Who was the Paris Commune? What were they fighting for? 3.List four decisions that were made at the August 4, 1789 meeting of the National Assembly. 4.What was the French Declaration of Rights modeled after? Who influenced this document? 5.List four rights guaranteed to French citizens under the Declaration of Rights. Who was left out? 6.Why did the Revolutionaries want the monarchy to move to Paris? Did this happen?

15. A New France 7.List three ways the National Assembly voted to limit the power of the Catholic church?. 8.What did the new Constitution of 1791 rule? 9.Even though a new constitution was written for France, some citizens were still unhappy. Why? 10.What type of government did French moderates and radicals each want? 11.Why did Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette flee Paris? Where were they going? Why? 12.What happened once the monarchs reached Varennes? 13.Why did France declare war on Austria (again!) in 1792? Who sided with Austria? 14.How did the war with Austria effect French citizens’ views of the government? 15.What was the “September Massacres?” What were these radicals fighting for?

16. Jigsaw Reading: New French Government In groups of 4, you will read a section about the new form of government set up during the French Revolution. Each person will read a different section and answer the following questions in your notes. Once everyone is finished reading, the entire group will share their information. Take good notes! The rest of your group is depending on you! You can either write the question OR write in a complete sentence. I am collecting these for points!

17. 1.A New France a)How was the National Assembly going to pay off their debts? b)What did the Constitution of 1791 set up? What new rights did it give French citizens? 2.Decline of the French Monarchy a)What happened to the King and Queen when they tried to escape to Austria? b)What happened after France declared war? 3.A French Republic a)What did delegates decide at the National Convention? b)What new laws were implemented under France’s first democratic constitution? 4.Death of a King a)What happened to Louis XVI? Why did this happen? b)Who were the Jacobins?

18. The Reign of Terror After King Louis XVI was executed, the Jacobins came into power. Jacobins were a radical group. They instituted the “Reign of Terror,” in which more than 12,000 people were put to death. They were killed because they were suspected of helping France’s enemies during the Revolution. Answer the questions on the worksheet as we read this article.