1. Language and Linguistics
Durrenberger and Erem

2. 5 Characteristics of Human Language
Displacement
Open
Discrete
duality of patterning
arbitrary, learned, traditional

3. Etic
From linguistics—sounds people really make
top
pot

4. What English speakers hear:
The “t” of “pot” and “top” are the same
The “p” of “pot” and “top” are the same

5. The real sounds are: Thop Phot
For many langauges, Th is a separate sound from T and has a different letter of the alphabet
Same for Ph and P

6. phonetic
Means the sounds we actually make—they may be different, but sound the same to us
Click Languages
Text-to-Speech translator

7. Phonemic
Is the sounds we hear as being the same, whether they really are the same or not
Examples?

8. Emic/Etic
Etic=the things we can know scientifically, without reference to anyone’s culture—color wheel
Emic=the categories people recognize and use in their culture—categories of color

9. Are there any limits on cultural variation?

10. Brent Berlin & Paul Kay
Do people from different cultures see different colors?
Or do we all see the same colors because of our evolutionary history?

11. People can see and name a lot of colors, but of these, 11 are focal points of the system of naming colors.

12. 11 basic color terms in 3 groups

13. brown, orange, purple, pink
achromatic
black, gray, white
primary
red, green, blue, yellow
secondary
brown, orange, purple, pink

14. Paul Kay (linguistics, University of California at Berkeley)
Terry Regier (psychology, University of Chicago)
Richard Cook (linguistics, University of California at Berkeley)
John O'Leary (computer science, University of Chicago)

15. Sometimes there’s a lot of variation among cultures—e. g
Sometimes there’s a lot of variation among cultures—e.g. sounds for language
Sometimes there’s not much variation—e.g. focal color terms

16. Focal colors in 110 languages Black dots represent English categories

17. Etic=what’s really there
E.g. color chart, phonetic sounds
Emic=the categories people recognize and use
E.g. in English Th = T Ph =P

18. Sociolinguistics
Gendered speech