1. The Last Emperor Henry P'u Yi Coup D’état 1911 Ruling family forced to leave forbidden city in 1913. Dies as a gardener in 1967 in Peking (Beijing).

2. 1911 Revolution War Lords Rule Free Elections in 1913 Sun Yat-sen appointed President. Election is stolen from him. Military leaders take over. Constitution put in place with a Congress. Appearance of Democracy only.

3. Beginning of Communism in China 1919 –Comintern – “Communist International meeting” wants to spread communism. –Grigorii Voitinsky sent to establish communism in China. 1920 –in secret the Communist Party of China (CCP) is formed.

4. Resurgence of Sun Yat-sen Fled country after having election in 1913 stolen from him. Returned in 1918. The Kuomintang (KMT) – The Nationalists. Communists vs. Nationalists 1923-27 –First United Front –Agreement between Soviets, CCP, KMT

5. Communism vs. Nationalism CCP Communist Party of China Mao Zedong KMT Kuomintang Sun Yat-sen Chiang Kai-shek

6. Northern Expedition 1926 –CCP and KMT attack warlords in northern China. Chiang Kai-shek – leader of the KMT Enormous success, Chiang realizes he doesn’t need communists.

7. Shanghai Massacre 1927 Chiang Kai-shek and KMT turn on CCP following Northern Expedition Western Intelligence gives position of Communists Death upon suspicion of communism. Nationalist government rules China from 1927- 1949. CCP done for?

8. Mao Zedong Flees from the Shanghai Massacre Rebuilds CCP using peasants. Chiang Kai-shek tries to eliminate CCP.

9. The Long March 1934-1935 To escape the KMT 18 mountain ranges, 24 rivers 1 military battle per day. Over 100,000 people started, 8,000 ended the Long March.

10. World War II in Asia Focus shifts from battle between CCP and KMT to China vs. Japan. Mao gains support for seeing Japanese as the enemy. Chiang loses support for continuing to see CCP as the enemy.

11. Second United Front 1936 Chiang was captured and forced to enter into the Second United Front. Two different types of resistance against the Japanese. –Nationalists: Pull back and wait for Americans to beat Japanese. –Communists: Use Guerilla Warfare to protect citizens against Japanese. Much more successful.

12. End of World War II 1946 treaty between Mao and Chiang signed. Celebration between Communists and Nationalists is short. Battle again between Communists and Nationalists.

13. CCP strategy Kill landlords –15,097 killed following WWII. Massive land redistribution Lenient policy of surrender. –Free train ride home for Nationalist soldiers. CCP captured all of China by 1949.

14. KMT reaction Chiang Kai-shek raided the Forbidden City. Fled to Taiwan Set up Republic of China.

15. People’s Republic of China Communist victory in October 1949. Mao declares the People’s Republic of China.

16. Maoist China Constant revolution is necessary. Emperor-like figure. –Cult of Personality Becomes friendly with the Soviets. Breaks from Soviets

17. The Great Leap Forward (1957-1961) “Long live the general direction! Long live the Great Leap Forward! Long live the People’s Commune!” To increase industrial and agricultural production and development. Production numbers false, ’62-’63: “Years of Hunger” 20 million starved to death.

18. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Mao forced into early retirement. Appealed directly to the people –Emperor-like figure. The Red Guard Against supposed “Capitalists” 1969: Mao executes many of the Red Guard and sends the rest to labor reform camps.