1. The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648) The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)

2. Hapsburg-Valois Wars 1519-1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis 1559Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis 1559 –Ended the Hapsburg-Valois (last purely dynastic war –Political war as both HRE and France were Catholic –France worked to limit Germany’s power and prevented their unification

3. Spain Defeats France Spain gains control of Sicily, Naples, and MilanSpain gains control of Sicily, Naples, and Milan Politics of Europe shifted toward Spain during it’s “Golden Age” in the late 16 th century.Politics of Europe shifted toward Spain during it’s “Golden Age” in the late 16 th century.

4. 1560-1648 Wars would be fought largely over religious issuesWars would be fought largely over religious issues –Spain sought to squash Protestantism in Western Europe and spread of Islam in Mediterranean –French Catholics vs. Huguenots –HRE-Counter Reformation –English Civil war between Puritans and Anglicans

5. Phillip II: Glory to Spain

6. Spain’s Catholic Crusade Phillip II (1556-98): Re-impose Catholicism in Europe; like his father Charles VPhillip II (1556-98): Re-impose Catholicism in Europe; like his father Charles V Became dominant country in EuropeBecame dominant country in Europe –“Golden Age” Escorial: Royal palaceEscorial: Royal palace

7. War on Turks Spain waged a war to stop spread of Islam in Med.Spain waged a war to stop spread of Islam in Med. Battle of Lepanto (1571): Spain defeated Turkish navy off the coast of GreeceBattle of Lepanto (1571): Spain defeated Turkish navy off the coast of Greece Spain fought with fervor of past crusadesSpain fought with fervor of past crusades Ended Ottoman Threat in Med.Ended Ottoman Threat in Med.

8. Dutch Revolt William I (William of Orange) (1533-1584)William I (William of Orange) (1533-1584) Led 17 provinces against Spanish Inquisition. (Catholic vs. Protestants)Led 17 provinces against Spanish Inquisition. (Catholic vs. Protestants) Formed United Provinces of the Netherlands (1581)Formed United Provinces of the Netherlands (1581) –Able to win with help from English Queen Elizabeth I, (Phillip’s sister in law and Lusted after her) Spanish Netherlands (modern day Belgium) 10 southern provinces remained Spanish Catholic.Spanish Netherlands (modern day Belgium) 10 southern provinces remained Spanish Catholic.

9. Phil vs. Beth Queen Mary dies (Phil’s wife); CatholicQueen Mary dies (Phil’s wife); Catholic Elizabeth I replaces Mary; “Elizabethan Settlement” (Religious Toleration)Elizabeth I replaces Mary; “Elizabethan Settlement” (Religious Toleration) Refused Phil’s request for marriage and then help defeat him in NetherlandsRefused Phil’s request for marriage and then help defeat him in Netherlands Phil wanted revenge; Planned to invade England…BAD IDEA!Phil wanted revenge; Planned to invade England…BAD IDEA!

10. England’s Quick Strike Navy

11. SPANISH ARMADA 1588 Attempt to cross English Channel in storm; Smaller English Navy quicker than larger Spanish Navy.Attempt to cross English Channel in storm; Smaller English Navy quicker than larger Spanish Navy. Signaled the rise of England as “World’s Naval Power”.Signaled the rise of England as “World’s Naval Power”. Spain still remained Europe’s most powerful nation until mid-17 th century.Spain still remained Europe’s most powerful nation until mid-17 th century.

12. Civil War In France (1562-1598)

13. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End  Henri II was the last powerful Valois

14. Chaos ensues Three weak sons followed: – –Francis II – –Charles IX – –Henri III Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: – –Was mother to the boys – –Played both sides in the civil war – –Developed a reputation for cruelty

15. Catherine de Medici

16. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

17. The French Civil War  There were two sides:  Guise family led Catholics in North  Bourbon family led Huguenots in South  Fighting for the royal inheritance  Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.  St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  August 24, 1572  10,000 Huguenots were killed  Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

18. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

19. The French Civil War  Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.  Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France. By Default:  Henry III was assassinated  Henry of Guise was as well…Henri of Navarre was only one left!  Effects of Civil War:  France was left divided by religion  Royal power had weakened  Valois family now replaced by Bourbons Catholic League Protestant Union CIVIL WAR

20. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

21.  Ended Spanish interference in France  Converted to Catholicism :  Did this to compromise and make peace  Paris is worth a mass.  This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]  Fighting for the royal inheritance  Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:  Granted religious rights to Huguenots  Did not grant religious freedom for all Henry IV of France

22. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

23. 1618-1648

24.  The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.  At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.  At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened.  Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

25.  Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.  The Bohemians hated him.  Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.  Defenestration of Prague  May, 1618  Bohemia named a new king, Frederick V.  Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.  Frederick V borrowed an army from Bavaria.  Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.  The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

26. Bohemian Phase

27.  Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.  Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire.  Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army.  Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.  Edict of Restitution (1629):  Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.  Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights.  German princes feared Ferdinand  he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them. The Dutch Phase: 1625-1629

28. Dutch Phase

29. Albrecht von Wallenstein

30.  France & Sweden now get involved.  Both want to stop Habsburg power.  Sweden led the charge.  France provided support.  Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.  Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.  Swedish advance was stopped.  German princes still feared Ferdinand II.  Wallenstein assassinated to appease them. The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

31. Swedish Phase

32. Gustavus Adolphus

33.  France & Sweden switched roles.  All countries in Europe now participated.  This phase was most destructive!  German towns decimated.  Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.  8 million dead  1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]  Caused massive inflation.  Trade was crippled throughout Europe. The French Phase: 1635-1648

34. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

35.  Political Provisions:  Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor.  The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent  so. part remained a Sp. possession.  Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.  Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.  Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation.  Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.  Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

36.  Religious Provisions:  Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.  The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

37. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

38. 1688-1700

39.  Many Protestants felt betrayed.  The pope denounced it.  Only merit  it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!  For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe. Nobody Was Happy!

40. What were the long-range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?

41. What you get Germany physically devastatedGermany physically devastated Germany further divided; HRE decline continuesGermany further divided; HRE decline continues Ended the Religious WarsEnded the Religious Wars Beginning of French rise to dominate Europe.Beginning of French rise to dominate Europe. Britain and Netherlands accelerated power.Britain and Netherlands accelerated power.