1. Mining Biological Data

2. Protein Enzymatic ProteinsTransport ProteinsRegulatory Proteins Storage ProteinsHormonal ProteinsReceptor Proteins

3. Synaptic activity

4. Pre-Synaptic and Post-Synaptic Activity Source - http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-13/1319.jpg The cells are held together by cell adhesion Neurotransmitters are stored in bags called synaptic vesicles Synaptic vesicles fuse with pre-synaptic membrane and release their content into synaptic cleft Post-synaptic receptors recognize them as a signal and get activated which then transmit the signal on to other signaling components

5. Why do we need data mining? Limitations of Human Analysis – Inadequacy of the human brain when searching for complex multifactor dependencies in data

6. Several Repositories and Databases There are several protein data repositories and databases available online from where we can get necessary information about the protein.

7. Uniprot [the Universal Protein Resource] Central repository of protein sequence and function created by joining information contained in Swiss- Prot, TrEMBL and PIR

8. Prosite PROSITE Database of protein families and domains  Prosite consists of:  biologically significant sites,  patterns  and profiles  that help to reliably identify to which known protein family (if any) a new sequence belongs

9. What kind of knowledge can be mined? Bio-informatics have become one of the most important applications in data mining. – DNA sequences – Protein sequences – Protein folding – Microarray data – ……

10. Contributions of Data Mining Semantic integration of heterogeneous, distributed genomic and proteomic databases Alignment, indexing, similarity search, and comparative analysis of multiple nucleotide/protein sequences Discovery of structural patterns and analysis of genetic networks and protein pathways Identifying co-occurring gene sequences and linking genes to different stages of disease development Visualization tools in genetic data analysis