2. Overview
Problem
Solution
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion

3. Problems Deep space exploration is difficult to initialize from Earth
Lack of excitement in today’s space program
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

4. Lunar Surface Courtesy of NASA
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

5. Lunar Surface – Past Space Race John F. Kennedy Speech: May 26, 19611
Deadline: Within the decade
Accomplished in 1969
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

6. Lunar Surface – Past Mission Objectives: Beat the Russians
Explore the Lunar Surface2
Surface Samples – Compositions, Resources, Minerals
20 kg of Lunar Samples
Surveying
Habitation
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

7. Lunar Surface – Base Eric Burgess Outpost on Apollo’s Moon
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

8. Lunar Surface – Base
Establish a permanent base facility on the Lunar Surface
Central Command
Habitation Modules
Research Facility
Launch Facility
Mining Facility
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

9. Lunar Surface – Base Central Command
Facility controlling day-to-day base operations
Control of surface and L1 launch facilities
Communication Station
Earth Inbound/Outbound
L1 Station
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

10. Lunar Surface – Base Habitation Modules Housing personnel
Water recycling
Provision Storage
Agriculture
Physical fitness facility
Equipment Storage
Waste Management
Energy – Solar
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

11. Lunar Surface – Base Research Facility Low-gravity Laboratories
Biological Laboratories
Medical Facility
Surface-material testing Laboratories
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

12. Lunar Surface – Base Launch Facility Lunar surface launch platform
Responsible for assembling and preparing launch vehicles for flight
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

13. Lunar Surface - Base Mining Facility
Bulk excavation of lunar resources for processing and utilization in base activities2
Base Maintenance and Repair
Study and Experimentation
Construction
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

14. Lagrange Points – History
Collinear equilibrium points theorized by Leonard Euler
1772 – Joseph Lagrange showed the existence of 5 equilibrium points in a two-body gravitational field
Lagrange further showed that the equilibrium points lie within the plane of rotation of the primary bodies
Collinear points found to be unstable while the other two points were found to be stable
The equilibrium points have come to be called Lagrange Points, or Libration Points
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

15. Lagrange Points – Figure
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

16. Lagrange Points – Figure
Bishop, R.H. Autonomous Navigation for Libration Point Formation Flying Missions
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

17. Halo Orbits – History
An orbit by which an object may remain in close proximity to an equilibrium point
Suggested around 1950 by Arthur C. Clarke for communication purposes
Considered for use on Apollo 17 mission until the mission was altered
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

18. Halo Orbits – Figure
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

19. L1 Station Configuration Launch platform at L1
Construction yard in halo orbit about L1
Capabilities
Launch platform
Must be able to perform deep-space launches
Must be able to receive supplies from the Moon
Construction Yard
Must be capable of assembling deep-space vehicles
Must be capable of performing maintenance on L1 station
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

20. Transportation Need for transportation Types of vehicles
Form Earth to Lunar colony
In-between parts of colony
Types of vehicles
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

21. Transportation Actual Ferry Vessel Orbit
Bishop, R.H. Autonomous Navigation for Libration Point Formation Flying Missions
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

22. Transportation Simplified Ferry Vessel Orbit
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

23. Transportation Earth Loading Phase
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

24. Transportation Moon Loading Phase
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

25. Transportation Moon to L1 Transfer
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

26. Transportation Summary
Ferry vessel
Transports materials back and forth between the Earth and Moon
Docking vessels
Located at both primary bodies
Dock with Ferry during the Ferry’s flyby with primaries
Loads/unloads the Ferry
Moon-to-L1 vessel
Transports materials from Moon to L1
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

27. Lunar Surface – Advantages
Permanent presence in space – further than LEO
Secondary perspective for interplanetary observations and measurements
Cost feasibility for interplanetary exploration (i.e. Mars)3
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

28. Lunar Surface – Advantages
Advance Technology
Lower long-term space expenditures
Revitalize space program
Promote manned interplanetary space exploration
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

29. L1 Advantages
“A manned station at L1 could support an infrastructure expanding human presence beyond low-Earth orbit…”3
Proximity to bodies within the system4
Attractive for uses related to space missions
Well-suited for applications such as gateway stations for launching deeper exploratory missions
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

30. Lunar Surface - Disadvantages
High Initial Cost5
Implementation Time
Hostile Environment
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

31. L1 Disadvantages Unstable equilibrium position
Difficulty in controlling the station
Expense associated with fuel consumption
Takes time to reach L1 from either of the primaries
Emergencies may not be quickly solved
Supplies may be delayed
Crew transfers will be lengthy
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

32. Conclusion A lunar outpost should be built because:
Space exploration will expand since a spacecraft launched from the lunar outpost can have a greater payload, size, and range than a spacecraft launched from within the Earth’s atmosphere
The space program will be revitalized by giving future engineers something to look forward to
The advancements to technology that will be necessary to the development of a lunar colony will greatly benefit the rest of humanity
Problem * Solution * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion

33. References
1"Apollo Program," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
2Burgess, Eric. Outpost on Apollo’s Moon, New York Columbia University Press, New York, 1993.
3Bishop, R.H., Huxel, P.J., DeMars, K.J. Autonomous Navigation for Libration Point Formation Flying Missions. NRA-03-GSFC/AETD-01. Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin. August, 2003.
4Condon, G.L., Wilson, S., and Ranieri, C. L., “Performance Requirements and Kickstage Disposal Options For a Cislunar Gateway Station Transfer Vehicle,” NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX.
5Dunham, D.W., Farquhar, R.W. Libration Point Missions, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
6Mendell, Wendell W. (1996). “Lunar Base as a Precursor to Mars Exploration and Settlement,” NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. (6 October 2003).
7Boles, Walter W., Lunar Construction, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 1990.