1. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc. Overview of Secondary Storage Technologies Prepared For: The Government Information Preservation Working Group December 16, 2003 Presented by: Richard Vining

2. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc.  There are many digital storage technologies available  Removable media (optical disks and magnetic tapes) will outlast the hardware and software used to create them  No single technology is “right” for every situation  It may be necessary to deploy a combination of technologies  There is no technology (today) that will store digital information “forever” The Basics

3. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc.  What do you need to store (file types)?  How much do you need to store (capacity)?  How big is the biggest file (media size)?  How much data are you adding (performance)?  How long do you need to keep it (retention)?  How fast do you want to retrieve it (access)?  Does the data need to be overwrite-protected? The Questions

4. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc. Types of Recordable Secondary Media 120mm Optical Disc Formats:  CD-R / -RW:single-sided 650MB ($1.25/GB)  DVD-R / -RW:single-sided 4.7GB ($0.42/GB)  DVD+R / +RW:single-sided 4.7GB ($0.42/GB)  DVD-RAM:dual-sided 9.4GB ($1.75/GB) Write-Once and rewritable available for all formats Lower-cost, entry-level, highly-standardized, but … Compatibility between formats is ‘complicated’ Only DVD-RAM is cartridge-based

5. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc. Types of Recordable Secondary Media 5.25” Optical Disk (replacements for 9.1GB MO)  UDO (Plasmon): 30GB, 4MB/sec, 5s File Access, $2/GB  To be supported by IBM & HP?  MO form-factor (able to mix MO & UDO in the same library)  PDD (Sony): 23GB, 9MB/sec, 8s File Access, $1.95/GB  To be supported by DISC?  Thinner cartridge (more slots per library)  Adapted from consumer-grade “Blu-Ray” technology WORM and re-writable media available Dual-sided media (only half is available on-line at one time) Not compatible with either MO or each other

6. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc. Types of Recordable Secondary Media 12” Optical:  Plasmon LD-8000, dual-headed 30GB, 8MB/sec, WORM only, $15/GB End-of-life? Only legacy customers continue to purchase Plasmon acquired LMS drives and Cygnet Jukes Rugged cartridge provides long-term protection Used in high-end document management systems Costs and lack of standards badly hurt this technology

7. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc. Types of Recordable Secondary Media Half-Inch Tape:  9840-C: 40GB, 40MB/sec, 12s File Access, $2.50/GB  StorageTek & Imation are the prime suppliers  LTO-2:200GB, 15MB/sec, 65s File Access, $0.42/GB  IBM, HP & Seagate make the drives, various media suppliers  SDLT 600:300GB, 34MB/sec, 80s File Access, $0.40/GB  Quantum makes the drives, various media suppliers  S-AIT:500GB, 30MB/sec, 70s File Access, $0.45/GB  Sony proprietary, uses AIT AME & helical scan technology WORM available on 9840 (VolSafe TM ) and S-AIT

8. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc. Types of Recordable Secondary Media 8-mm Tape:  AIT-3: 100GB, 12MB/sec, 27s File Access, $0.55/GB  Sony proprietary  WORM media available  Good mix of price/capacity/performance WORM REMOTE

9. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc. Types of Recordable Secondary Media Content-Addressable Storage (CAS): Hard Disk based systems, with software layer for storing only unique files or blocks, based on content Eliminates duplicate data, reducing capacity requirements by up to 95% (according to the vendors)  EMC Centera: scales from 4TB to over 1PB; redundant architecture includes mirroring and RAID-5; starts at $50/GB  Permabit Permeon: Linux-based software solution that works with standard hardware; cost depends on hardware used  “Compliance Editions” and other vendors (NetApp) available

10. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc. Storage Technology Profiles

11. CBI Creative Businesses, Inc. For more information, please contact… CBI Creative Businesses, Inc. Rich Harada: (201) 722-9890, RichHarada@aol.comRichHarada@aol.com Rich Vining: (978) 374-3799, rcvining@comcast.netrcvining@comcast.net