1. Dale Holden Duke Energy

2.  Programs established in 1970’s and 1980’s  Required for licensee  Preoperational and Operational  “check” on effluent releases (ODCM)  Verification of “pathways to man”  Established for Routine and Emergency Releases

3.  Primary Pathways of concern –  Releases via air (gas and particulates)  Releases via water (discharge effluent)  Typical Media –  Water – Surface, Drinking, Ground  Air – Particulates, Gas (primarily iodine)  Vegetation – leafy plants, edible products

4.  Typical Media –  Milk (cow, goat, etc.)  Meat (grazing animals – cow, deer, bison, etc.)  Fish  Soil  Sediments  Oysters, shellfish

5.  Determine early trends of environmental build-up (bio-accumulation/animal tissue) of rad material in environment  Measure primary and secondary routes of potential exposure that could have a negative (risk) impact to the general population  Mitigate impact to humans to achieve negligible risk

6.  Nuclear Regulatory Commission Assess Licensee (on- going)  Fund “other” agencies to monitor environmental radiological impacts  State agencies  Private agencies (few)  Other federal agencies (FEMA)

7.  Programs did what they were supposed to – few issues  Nuclear Regulatory Commission ceases additional agency funding in 1998  Accountability shifts from investigative to self-identified

8.  All existing programs meet minimum regulatory requirements  1990’s saw reduction of many programs due to budget constraints and potential deregulation  Facilities aging and seeking license renewal  Areas around facilities have changed  Definition of risk has changed

11. TTechnological improvements LLower detection limits IImproved analytical methods RResource sharing – internet, web-based CComfort with nuclear power production…….

16. Northlake School

17. McGuire Nuclear Station Property

20.  Maintain a heightened sensitivity to controls of radioactive material  Green means more than CO2 free – all emissions  Look “hard” for possible problems  Leaking pipes  Washout/rainout/plate-out/building wake effects  New Issues with updated regulations, e.g. C-14

21.  Any radioactive material in the environment can be an issue…..  Risk is a matter of public perception, not biological consequence  Public perception affects development and future expansion  Don’t wait for regulation change to take action – evaluate program with potential consequence in mind

22.  Communicate, Communicate, Communicate  Take the mystery out of the science – Examples:  www.radiationanswers.org/ www.radiationanswers.org/

24.  Take the mystery out of the science – Examples:  http://www.hps.org/ http://www.hps.org/  Create relative risk relationships people can understand  There are times we just challenge others with our communication…….

26. CCare BBe prepared to spend $$$ when there may be little technical but much political justification AAlways be open and honest – trust is the name of the game NNever Take for granted that you have arrived….