1. Feeding and Digestion Respiration Circulation Excretion
Animal Systems
Feeding and Digestion
Respiration
Circulation
Excretion

2. Feeding and digestion How does digestion occur?
How are mouthparts adapted for different diets?

3. Ways of obtaining food
Filter Feeders- Catch algae and small animals by using modified gills, or other structures as a net to filter food items out of the water.
Ex. Sponges, Barnacles, Whales
Detrivores- Feed off of decaying organic matter.
Ex. Earthworms
Carnivores- Consuming other living organisms.
Ex. Whales, Spiders, Lions
Herbivores- Consuming plants, or parts of trees for energy.
Ex. Birds, Sea Slug
Parasitism- Dependence on another animal for energy
Ex. Flatworms, Roundworms

4. Processing Food
A digestive tract has two openings, one to ingest food, and one to expel wastes.
Digestion begins in the mouth.
Mechanical Digestion
How are carnivores teeth different from herbivores?
Chemical Digestion
In humans we start breaking down complex sugars in the mouth, using salivary amylase

5. Digestion
Carnivores typically have short digestive tracts that produce fast acting meat digesting enzymes
No animal produces digestive enzymes that are able to break down the cellulose in plant tissues
Herbivores have very long intestines with specialized pouches, some containing symbiotic bacteria that digest cellulose
Ex. Cows, have an extension in their esophagus called a Rumen, it regurgitates food that has been digested there, where the animal chews it again and re-swallows it. “chewing the cud”

6. Human Digestive System
Why do we need to eat?
What nutrients does your body need?
What is a balanced diet?

7. Energy Food contains energy our body needs to carry out its functions
Laboratories measure the calories (energy) found in food by heating it up
A calorie (lower case c) is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water by 1 degree Celsius
A dietary Calorie is equal to 1000 “calories”

8. Nutrients
There are about 45 substances found in food that your body does not make itself, therefore we need to consume it somehow.
Water, the body needs water to carry out cell processes, it makes up most of your blood, and extracellular fluid.
Water is lost even when we breath
On hot days we need to drink more fluids than normally to replace those lost through sweat.

9. Carbohydrates Found in many things you wouldn’t think
Carbs are in the sugars found in fruits, grains, potatoes, milk

10. Fats
Usually people associate fat in their diet as a bad thing, but we actually need it
If you don’t get enough you may not be able to absorb some essential vitamins found in foods
Organs wouldn’t be insulated

11. Proteins
Supply minerals for growth and repair

14. Digestion in the small intestine
Most of digestion occurs here
Chyme mixes with chemicals which are excreted by the Pancreas, Liver and Gallbladder
Pancreas
Regulates blood sugar levels
Produces enzymes to break down carbs, proteins, lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Produces Sodium Bicarbonate…Why?
Liver and Gallbladder
Aids in fat digestion
Liver produces bile, then stores it in the gallbladder

15. H. Pylori
For a long time it was thought that diet, and lifestyle caused Ulcers
H. Pylori is a bacteria that burrows itself into the lining of the stomach and causes an ulcer

16. Respiration What respiratory structures do we all share?
What respiratory structures enable animals to breath?
How do aquatic animals breath?

17. Gas Exchange
All animal tissues need oxygen for respiration, and produce carbon dioxide as a waste product
Humans would drown if they tried to ‘breath’ water, out of water fish have the same problem

18. Gills
Gills are feathery type structures which expose a thin selectively permeable membrane
Inside gills are a network of capillaries

19. Lungs
Organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air

20. Our respiratory system
Nose

21. Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

22. Lungs

23. Gas exchange

24. Breathing
Movement of _______________, and the ____ ___________ change the air pressure during inhalation and exhalation.
Inhalation = ?
Exhalation = ?

25. Diseases Caused by Smoking
Chronic Bronchitis- inflamed and clogged bronchi
Emphysema- Loss of elasticity
Lung Cancer