1. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 8: Nervous System

2. The Reflex Arc Slide 7.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Reflex – rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli  Reflex arc –One kind of conduction pathway Figure 7.11a

3. The Reflex Arc Slide 7.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Reflex Arc components:  Usually five (5), may be fewer  Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector Figure 7.11a

4. The Reflex Arc Slide 7.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Reflex arc –from receptor to interneuron, to effector  Impulse may not go to brain before reflex occurs Figure 7.11a

5. Simple Reflex Arcs Slide 7.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11b, c

6. Types of Reflexes and Regulation Slide 7.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Involuntary (Autonomic) reflexes:  Smooth muscle regulation  Heart and blood pressure regulation  Regulation of glands (secretion)  Digestive system regulation

7. Types of Reflexes and Regulation Slide 7.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Somatic reflexes  Activation of skeletal muscles  Involuntary movement of a voluntary muscle

8. Central Nervous System (CNS) Slide 7.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube  Two components:  Brain  Spinal Cord

9. Regions of the Brain Slide 7.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cerebral hemispheres  Diencephalon  Brain stem  Cerebellum Figure 7.12

10. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Slide 7.28a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Paired superior parts of the brain  More than half of brain mass Figure 7.13a

11. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Slide 7.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The surface has ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci) Figure 7.13a

12. Lobes of the Cerebrum Slide 7.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebral cortex into lobes  Surface lobes of the cerebral cortex:  Frontal lobe  Parietal lobe  Occipital lobe  Temporal lobe

13. Lobes of Cerebral Cortex Slide 7.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lobes named for skull bones lying superficially Figure 7.13a

14. Lobes of the Cerebrum, median view Slide 7.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a

15. Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Slide 7.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.14

16. Specialized Functions of Lobes Slide 7.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Frontal Lobes:  Voluntary movement  Concentration  Planning  Problem-solving  Judging consequences of behavior  Broca’s area: speech output

17. Specialized Functions of Lobes Slide 7.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Parietal Lobes:  Sensations from skin: pressure, temperature, touch,pain  Speech: use, understanding  Input of language  Interpretation

18. Specialized Functions of Lobes Slide 7.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Temporal Lobes:  Interpretation of sound  Hearing  Interpretation of smell  Direct input from olfactory nerves  Limbic system

19. Specialized Functions of Lobes Slide 7.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Occipital Lobes:  Vision  Combining vision with other senses  Recognition of objects, individuals

20. Specialized Functions of Lobes Slide 7.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Insula:  “fifth lobe”  Hidden in lateral fissure  Monitors internal organs, i.e., heart  Responsible for “aversions”

21. Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Slide 7.32c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.13c

22. Layers of the Cerebrum Slide 7.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gray matter  Outer layer  Composed of neuron cell bodies Figure 7.13a

23. Layers of the Cerebrum Slide 7.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  White matter  Fiber tracts deep to gray matter  myelinated  Example: corpus callosum Figure 7.13a

24. Layers of the Cerebrum Slide 7.33c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Basal nuclei – internal islands of gray matter  Buried in white matter of hemispheres  Assist with posture, balance, location of sound Figure 7.13a

25. Diencephalon Slide 7.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sits above brain stem  Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres  Made of three parts  Thalamus  Hypothalamus  Epithalamus (with pineal body)

26. Regions of the Brain Slide 7.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Diencephalon  “di” = through or throughout Figure 7.12

27. Diencephalon Slide 7.34b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15

28. Thalamus Slide 7.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Surrounds the third ventricle  The relay station for sensory impulses  Exception: sense of smell  Transfers impulses to the the cortex for interpretation

29. Regions of the Brain Slide 7.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thalamus Figure 7.12

30. Hypothalamus Slide 7.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Under the thalamus  Important autonomic nervous system center  Helps regulate body temperature  Controls water balance  Regulates metabolism

31. Regions of the Brain Slide 7.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hypothalamus Figure 7.12

32. Hypothalamus Slide 7.36b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  An important part of the limbic system (emotions)  The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus  Hypothalamus produces hormone releasing factors  Control anterior pituitary gland

33. Epithalamus Slide 7.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Forms the roof of the third ventricle  Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)  Includes the choroid plexus – forms cerebrospinal fluid

34. Brain Stem Slide 7.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Attaches brain to the spinal cord  Parts of the brain stem  Midbrain  Pons  Medulla oblongata

35. Brain Stem Slide 7.38b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a

36. Midbrain Slide 7.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers (myelinated)  Has four rounded protrusions: corpora quadrigemina  Reflex centers for vision and hearing

37. Pons Slide 7.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pons means “bridge”  The bulging center part of the brain stem  Mostly composed of fiber tracts  Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

38. Medulla Oblongata Slide 7.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The most inferior part of the brain stem  Attaches to the spinal cord  Houses control centers  Heart rate control  Blood pressure regulation  Breathing  Swallowing  Vomiting

39. Regions of the Brainstem Slide 7.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Midbrain  Pons  Medulla oblongata Figure 7.12