1. 2/4/2015 1. Turn in Everest Article and Questions 2. Complete “How Do You breathe?” exercise 3. Answer these Review Qs- A. What process allows oxygen to enter the bloodstream? How? B. What process gets rid of Carbon dioxide? How? C. Why is it harder to breathe if you are climbing at an altitude of 10,000 ft.? D. How is most oxygen transported in the blood? E. How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

2. Controls of Breathing Page 27

3. What controls breathing? Involuntary/passive Involuntary/passive Respiratory center- group of neurons in the brain stem which control inspiration and expiration Respiratory center- group of neurons in the brain stem which control inspiration and expiration Controls breathing rate and depth Controls breathing rate and depth

4. How does the brain control respiration? Parts of the Brain: Parts of the Brain: Medulla oblongata- Medulla oblongata- Medulla oblongata- Medulla oblongata- Inspiration center- Inspiration center- Expiration center- Expiration center- Basic rhythm pattern of diaphragm Basic rhythm pattern of diaphragm Pons- Pons-

5. Smooths out transition between inspiration and expiration Smooths out transition between inspiration and expiration Pons

6. How are CO 2 levels detected in the blood? Chemoreceptors- Chemoreceptors- AKA-chemosensitive areas AKA-chemosensitive areas Medulla chemoreceptors- Medulla chemoreceptors- Sensitive to concentration changes of CO 2, and pH Sensitive to concentration changes of CO 2, and pH Too much CO 2 - breathing increases to rid body of excess CO 2 Too much CO 2 - breathing increases to rid body of excess CO 2

7. How are O 2 levels detected in the blood? Peripheral chemoreceptors- Peripheral chemoreceptors- Sensitive to low concentration of O 2 Sensitive to low concentration of O 2 Triggers the respiratory center to increase breathing rate Triggers the respiratory center to increase breathing rate

8. Emotions- fear and pain can increase breathing rates If breathing is stopped, CO 2 and H + build up and O 2 gets lower- body will have urge to breathe Effects of hyperventilation- too much of an increase in breathing rate- can be dizzy or faint due to low CO 2 levels, cerebral blood vessels constrict Can be averted by breathing in paper bag which has a higher conc. Of CO 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=92irFmOa4eA

9. Effects of hypoventilation- can be dizzy or faint due to low O 2 levels, can cause death if rate is slowed too much Typically caused by mountain sickness or intake of sedatives, stroke https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beLF 6fchjqI

10. Oxygen Levels of High Altitude Same amount of oxygen in air- 21% Same amount of oxygen in air- 21% Air is less dense, the higher you go (Boyle’s LAW) Air is less dense, the higher you go (Boyle’s LAW) Molecules are further away- harder to get oxygen Molecules are further away- harder to get oxygen Can acclimatize- acclimate/adapt to higher altitude Can acclimatize- acclimate/adapt to higher altitude

14. Adapting to a High Altitude Read and highlight/annotate your article. Answer the following questions: Read and highlight/annotate your article. Answer the following questions: 1. Besides the daily extremes of climate, what is another challenge of high altitudes? 2. True/False-There is less oxygen available at higher altitudes. 3. So why does it feel so difficult to breathe at higher altitudes? 4. What physiologically changes when we arrive at a higher altitude? 5. Why is the Olympic Training Center located in Colorado? 6. What evolutionary changes are present in native people in Peru/Bolivia and Nepal?

15. Ticket OUT DOOR A. What process allows oxygen to enter the bloodstream from the alveolus? How? B. What process gets rid of Carbon dioxide? How? C. Why is it harder to breathe if you are climbing at an altitude of 10,000 ft.? D. How is most oxygen transported in the blood? E. How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?