1. Hitler’s use of Force in Nazi Germany Use of Force and Legal methods to minimize opposition Sarah MacKenzie

2. Munich Beer Hall Putsch 1923: Germany was facing severe inflation Earlier this year, the Ruhr crisis occurred -German government had held back on payments September 23: Resumed making payments -Unrest among German people -Nazis planned to kidnap government officials -Plans fell apart- officials accepted Hitler at gunpoint, but Nazi revolution failed -Hitler was arrested soon after

3. Hitler post-Arrest Released from prison December 1924 -Focus on legal methods Reorganized Nazi Party, SA Formation of youth divisions Official Storm trooper uniform Creation of SS

5. Elections Largely successful SA ominous presence- political opposition feared them -Army and Industrialists were wary of them Failed attempt by government to ban them 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor

6. Reichstag Fire Goering became new commander of police -SA and SS received much greater power Began to take anti-Communist action Marinus van der Lubbe was their opportunity -Dutch arsonist- set fire to Reichstag -However Nazis suspected of having major role in this SA took extreme action against Communists -Many arrests occurred Nazis began to crack down on political opposition

7. The Enabling Act Nazis began takeover of state governments after elections Cracked down on political enemies March 15 th - Hitler and Goering planned putting into practice an Enabling Act -Further Hitler’s powers with three decrees March 23 rd - Act put to vote and passed in Reichstag

8. Nuremburg Laws Anti-Semitic activities began with a boycott of Jewish shops Weeks after Hitler began instating anti-Semitic decrees September 1935: Nazis faced a void in a Nuremberg Rally programme -Used opportunity to introduce new laws -Blood purity, German citizenship

9. The Gestapo Created in April 1933 -From Geheime Staats Polizei (Secret State Police) System of intelligence-gathering agents -Used torture during interrogations So successful employed in all countries conquered With introduction of ‘Gestapo Law’ were above the law

10. Concentration Camps 1933: Intense Nazi crackdown on political opposition required makeshift prisons -Prison at Dachau first of concentration camps -Reform through hardship Harsh discipline, living conditions Such a success that they were employed throughout Germany

11. The Night of the Long Knives The SA were vital for Hitler’s rise -By 1934 use had ended -Faced opposition from Army, Industrialists, common German people Hitler faced threat of socialist revolution -30 th June 1934: Hitler arrested SA leaders, allowed complete purge of opposition -Ended July 2 nd - all captured were executed -SS were Hitler’s new instrument of terror

12. Hitler becomes Fuehrer August 2 nd, 1934: Death of Hindenburg Law passed giving Hitler ‘Fuehrer’ status and absolute power New oaths assigned to civil service

13. The Night of Broken Glass October 27 th 1938: Mass expulsion of Jews from Germany Catalyst that pushed Hermann Grynzspan over the edge -17-year-old Jew in Paris- went to German embassy and killed official vom Rath -November 9 th : vom Rath dies of his injuries -The same day, Hitler permitted the SA to act in response against Jews in Germany -Property destroyed, people terrorized, synagogues burnt and defaced -Resulted in new decrees banning Jews from social and economic life in Germany -Jews had to contribute one billion marks for damage caused “Incidentally I would like to say I would not like to be a Jew in Germany”- Hermann Goering, 10 th November 1938