1. Course Overview EdSc 121- Fundamentals of Geology (3 hours lecture/week) Structure, origin, geologic processes and materials of the earth, classification of minerals, rocks, importance, utilization and conservation of mineral resources, and effects of explorations of earth resources Jun Karren V. Caparoso Department of Science and Mathematics Education College of Education MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

2. What is Matter? Matter – the substance of which any physical object is composed States of Matter: Solid Liquid Gas Controlling factors: Temperature Pressure Examples: Gold Mercury Oxygen solid liquid gas (review)

3. The stuff that makes up all matter The make-up of solid matter on Earth: Atoms  Elements  Compounds  Minerals  Rocks (smallest) (largest) Elements: –fundamental building blocks –smallest matter that can’t be broken down

4. Periodic Table of Elements

5. The stuff that makes up all matter The make-up of solid matter on Earth: Atoms  Elements  Compounds  Minerals  Rocks (smallest) (largest) Atoms: –the stuff that builds elements –the smallest particle that uniquely defines an element

6. Atomic Structure Particles that make up an atom: –Protons: positive (+) charge –Neutrons: no charge –Electrons: negative (-) charge Protons + neutrons define the nucleus of an atom. Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals or energy-level shells.

7. Atomic Structure

8. Atoms of the same element: have the same number of protons (i.e., same atomic number) can have different numbers of neutrons (referred to as isotopes) can have different numbers of electrons Ion – an atom that has gained or lost an electron

9. Sodium atom loses an electron (becomes positively charged) Chlorine atom gains an electron (becomes negatively charged) Atomic Structure

10. Types of IONS: CATIONS – a loss of electrons, resulting in a positive (+) charge ANIONS – a gain of electrons, resulting in a negative (-) charge Examples: Na + (cation) Cl – (anion) NaCl (table salt) chemical compound Atomic Structure

11. Definition: –A chemical compound consists of elements that combine in a specific ratio. Examples: NaCl H 2 O The smallest quantity of a compound is called a molecule. Molecules are held together by chemical bonding. Atomic Structure

12. Bonding – chemical matrimony Chemical bonding: –formation of a compound by combining two or more elements –manner in which electrons are distributed among atoms In bonded atoms, electrons may be lost, gained, or shared. 4 types of bonding: ioniccovalentmetallicvan der Waals

13. Ionic bonding: –electrons are transferred between atoms forming attracting ions (e.g., NaCl) Na + Cl – Bonding – chemical matrimony

14. Ionic bonding: –orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions –bonds are moderately strong (salt dissolves in water) Bonding – chemical matrimony

15. Covalent bonding: –electrons are shared between atoms –generally strong bonds (e.g., diamond, pure C) Chlorine gas molecule, Cl 2 Bonding – chemical matrimony

16. Metallic bonding: –electrons drift around from atom to atom (e.g., copper, gold, silver) –good conductors of electrical current –generally weaker, less common than other bonds Gold, Au Bonding – chemical matrimony

17. Van der Waals bonding: –sheets of covalently bonded atoms held together by weak electrostatic forces –very weak bonds examples: graphite, mica Bonding – chemical matrimony

18. Atoms  Elements  Compounds  Minerals  Rocks (smallest) (largest) The stuff that makes up all matter The make-up of solid matter on Earth:

19. Minerals: the building blocks of rocks Definition of a Mineral: naturally occurring inorganic solid characteristic crystalline structure definite chemical composition Definition of a Rock: A solid aggregate (mixture) of minerals

20. Rock: A solid aggregate (mixture) of minerals

21. Mineral characteristics Definition of a Mineral: 1.naturally occurring 2.inorganic 3.solid 4.characteristic crystalline structure 5.definite chemical composition steel plastic sugar table salt mercury ice coal basalt obsidian mica gold paper chalk coral no, #1 no, #1,2YES!no, #3YES!no, #2 no, #5no, #4YES! no, #1,2no, #2

22. Naturally formed –No substance created artificially is a mineral. examples: plastic, steel, sugar, paper Inorganic –Anything formed by a living organism and containing organic materials is not a mineral. examples: wood, plants, shells, coal Solid –Liquids and gases are not minerals. examples: water, petroleum, lava, oxygen Mineral characteristics

23. Characteristic crystalline structure –must have an ordered arrangement of atoms –displays repetitive geometric patterns in 3-D glass not a mineral (no internal crystalline structure) Definite chemical composition –must have consistent chemical formula examples: gold (Au), quartz (SiO 2 ), orthoclase (KAlSi 3 O 8 ) basalt (like many other rocks) contains variable ratios of different minerals; thus, has no consistent formula Mineral characteristics

24. –Only ~30 occur commonly –Why not more? Some combinations are chemically impossible Relative abundances of elements don’t allow more How many minerals are there? Nearly 4,000 types of minerals

25. Element abundances in the crust All others: 1.5%