1. THE COGNITIVE PARADIGM BY: JACOB SNOW, RAJINDER SAINI AND KYLE BOUZEK

2. BY THE END OF THIS POWERPOINT, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO… Define cognitive paradigm Define cognitive therapy and how to use it to treat disorders Define related terms (e.g. illogical thinking, maladaptive assumptions) Define Client-centric therapy Identify significant figures and their contributions

3. SIGNIFICANT PERSONS Albert Ellis- developed ABCDE model because he believed that people developed irrational beliefs as a response to their preferred beliefs being blocked. Also developed cognitive-behavioral therapy and founded REBT. Aaron T. Beck- developed cognitive therapy in the 1960s

4. WHAT IS THE COGNITIVE PARADIGM? Belief that abnormality results from self-destructive thoughts Thoughts are more important than the individual behaviors Assumes that humans are not passively responding to external stimuli By creating and/or removing thought processes, abnormality can be caused or cured.

5. RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY(REBT) Practical method of assisting in coping with adversity and achieving their goals, with a focus on the present According to REBT, the way we think leads to our emotional and behavioral upset Individuals challenge their thinking that cause their unhealthy emotions (anger, depression, etc.) and maladaptive behaviors (procrastination, addictive behaviors, etc.) Illogical Thinking: exactly what it sounds like Maladaptive Assumptions: making assumptions that are not right emotionally and behaviorally Also similar to Cognitive Emotive Behavior Therapy (or CBT)

6. A.B.C.D.E MODEL OF EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE A is for adversity- bad stuff that happens- a trigger B is for belief- refers to irrational or self-destructive belief that is formed in response to the adversity C is for consequences- results of beliefs in person’s life D is for disputes- arguments against irrational beliefs that drive person away from their irrational beliefs toward rationality E is for effect- new emotions/behaviors that come about from the belief

7. FOUR D’S: DEVIANCE Condition or state of not conforming to societal norms Based on the culture that the person is presently in, not the one he/she came from Example: hypochondria- the belief in being sick actually causes sickness-like symptoms The average person does not have anything near this problem

8. FOUR D’S: DISTRESS Pain, discomfort, etc. of the person who has the disorder. The distress of others, while still important, does not matter in deciding whether something is abnormal or not. Hypochondriacs have significant problems that cause major discomfort.

9. FOUR D’S: DYSFUNCTION The inhibition of general function or activity. Can be physically, emotionally or otherwise limiting. Hypochondriacs are significantly impaired in their ability to live normal lives. They may stay inside more than usual, isolate themselves, take unnecessary medication, etc. that further debilitate them.

10. FOUR D’S: DANGER Major deciding factor in determining abnormality Question: Does this disorder cause undue harm to self or others, or at the very least, could it? Hypochondria can be dangerous if the person actually becomes sick as a result, but for the most part is not dangerous.

11. ADVANTAGES Helps people become aware of when they make negative interpretations of things Focuses in the bright side of life Client centric therapy: work with an individual, therapist works to find the core idea that is causing the negative thoughts

12. DISADVANTAGES Thought-process is the only thing wrong Introspection is subjective and hard to replicate

13. QUESTIONS? If you have any questions, speak now or forever hold your peace!!!!!!!!!!

14. REFERENCES Rational Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://albertellis.org/rebt-cbt-therapy/http://albertellis.org/rebt-cbt-therapy/ What is CBT | Beck Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www.beckinstitute.org/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/ http://www.beckinstitute.org/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/ Cognitive Approach | Simply Psychology. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive.html http://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive.html Paradigms for Abnormal Behavior. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www2.hawaii.edu/~heiby/Paradigms.html http://www2.hawaii.edu/~heiby/Paradigms.html