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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 1 of 20 Chapter 1 Section 1 Introduction to the Practice of Statistics
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 2 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Learning objectives Define statistics and statistical thinking Understand the process of statistics Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative variables Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables 1 2 3 4
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 3 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Learning objectives Define statistics and statistical thinking Understand the process of statistics Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative variables Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables 1 2 3 4
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 4 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●The science of statistics is Collecting Organizing Summarizing Analyzing information to draw conclusions or answer questions
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 5 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Anecdotal claims, as opposed to statistics, are Conclusions based on very little data Stories and rumors ●Anecdotal claims, as opposed to statistics, are Conclusions based on very little data Stories and rumors ●Data can be misused when Data is incorrectly obtained Data is incorrectly analyzed ●Anecdotal claims, as opposed to statistics, are Conclusions based on very little data Stories and rumors ●Data can be misused when Data is incorrectly obtained Data is incorrectly analyzed ●Good statistics should Understand the difference between direct and indirect (lurking variable) relations Understand the impacts of variability
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 6 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Statistics and mathematics have similarities but are different ●Mathematics Solves problems with 100% certainty Has only one correct answer ●Statistics, because of variability Does not solve problems with 100% certainty (95% certainty is much more common) Frequently has multiple reasonable answers
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 7 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Learning objectives Define statistics and statistical thinking Understand the process of statistics Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative variables Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables 1 2 3 4
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 8 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●A population Is the group to be studied Includes all of the individuals in the group ●A population Is the group to be studied Includes all of the individuals in the group ●A sample Is a subset of the population Is often used in analyses because getting access to the entire population is impractical
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 9 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Identify the research objective What questions are to be answered? What group should be studied? ●Identify the research objective What questions are to be answered? What group should be studied? ●Collect the information needed Can you access the entire population? How can you collect a good sample? What other methods are available and appropriate?
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 10 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Organize and summarize the information Descriptive statistics (chapters 2 through 4) Visual methods such as charts and graphs Numeric methods such as calculations ●Organize and summarize the information Descriptive statistics (chapters 2 through 4) Visual methods such as charts and graphs Numeric methods such as calculations ●Build a model Probability (chapters 5 through 7) ●Organize and summarize the information Descriptive statistics (chapters 2 through 4) Visual methods such as charts and graphs Numeric methods such as calculations ●Build a model Probability (chapters 5 through 7) ●Draw conclusions from the information Inferential statistics (chapters 8 through 12) Various methods that are appropriate for different questions and different types of data sets
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 11 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●An example of a statistical study State the research objective – determine the effectiveness of a antihypertensive drug ●An example of a statistical study State the research objective – determine the effectiveness of a antihypertensive drug Collect the information – divide 1,317 patients into two groups with two different treatments ●An example of a statistical study State the research objective – determine the effectiveness of a antihypertensive drug Collect the information – divide 1,317 patients into two groups with two different treatments Organize the information – measure blood pressure data ●An example of a statistical study State the research objective – determine the effectiveness of a antihypertensive drug Collect the information – divide 1,317 patients into two groups with two different treatments Organize the information – measure blood pressure data Model the system – construct a mathematical model of the study ●An example of a statistical study State the research objective – determine the effectiveness of a antihypertensive drug Collect the information – divide 1,317 patients into two groups with two different treatments Organize the information – measure blood pressure data Model the system – construct a mathematical model of the study Draw the conclusions – extend the study results to conclusions about the entire population
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 12 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Learning objectives Define statistics and statistical thinking Understand the process of statistics Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative variables Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables 1 2 3 4
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 13 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Characteristics of the individuals under study are called variables Some variables have values that are attributes or characteristics … those are called qualitative or categorical variables Some variables have values that are numeric measurements … those are called quantitative variables ●The suggested approaches to analyzing problems vary by the type of variable
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 14 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Examples of qualitative variables Gender Zip code Blood type States in the United States Brands of televisions ●Qualitative variables have category values … those values cannot be added, subtracted, etc.
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 15 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Examples of quantitative variables Temperature Height and weight Sales of a product Number of children in a family Points achieved playing a video game ●Quantitative variables have numeric values … those values can be added, subtracted, etc.
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 16 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Learning objectives Define statistics and statistical thinking Understand the process of statistics Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative variables Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables 1 2 3 4
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 17 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Quantitative variables can be either discrete or continuous ●Discrete variables Variables that have a finite or a countable number of possibilities Frequently variables that are counts ●Quantitative variables can be either discrete or continuous ●Discrete variables Variables that have a finite or a countable number of possibilities Frequently variables that are counts ●Continuous variables Variables that have an infinite but not countable number of possibilities Frequently variables that are measurements
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 18 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Examples of discrete variables The number of heads obtained in 5 coin flips The number of cars arriving at a McDonald’s between 12:00 and 1:00 The number of students in class The number of points scored in a football game ●The possible values of qualitative variables can be listed
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 19 of 20 Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●Examples of continuous variables The distance that a particular model car can drive on a full tank of gas Heights of college students ●Sometimes the variable is discrete but has so many close values that it could be considered continuous The number of DVDs rented per year at video stores The number of ants in an ant colony
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Sullivan – Fundamentals of Statistics – 2 nd Edition – Chapter 1 Section 1 – Slide 20 of 20 Summary: Chapter 1 – Section 1 ●The process of statistics is designed to collect and analyze data to reach conclusions ●Variables can be classified by their type of data Qualitative or categorical variables Discrete quantitative variables Continuous quantitative variables
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