1. Towards Practical Automated Motion Synthesis Auslander, Fukunaga, Partovi, Christensen, Hsu, Reiss, Shuman, Marks, Ngo

2. Some New Goals Improve initial algorithm (Marks and Ngo) –improve efficiency –allow user to influence motions Composite motion synthesis –using a predefined library of controllers –concatenating controllers is complex Going from 2D to 3D

3. Improving efficiency (Serial Search Algorithm) –Works “like multiple hill climbers in parallel” –Reseeding “refocuses the search” Initialize a set of random motion controllers Evaluate each motion controller in the set for i = 1 to number_of_iterations for each individual controller in the set do Mutate (i.e., reinitialize or perturb) the controller Evaluate the new controller if the new controller is better that the old one then Replace the old controller with the new one end for if (i mod reseed_interval) = 0 then Rank order the set of controllers Replace bottom 50% of the set with top 50% end if end for

4. Effects of New Algorithm Greater speed achieved –3-6 minutes on a single DEC work station –Greater focus of search entire space of trajectories no longer considered only space of possible motion controllers searched Important to note: –Crossover breeding no longer used! –Mutations drive change

5. What Influences the Motion Factors influencing motion –Primary fitness terms term given the most weight in fitness function usually rewards for net displacement but artist cannot encourage specific tactics –e.g., roll instead of walking –Sense-based motion controllers Behavior based on sense variables alone No notion of repetitive behavior

6. Influencing Minor Traits Introduce secondary fitness terms –terms that encourage certain tactics Using time-based motion controllers –make time-taken a factor in determining moves

7. Secondary Fitness Terms Term in with less weight than primary term –“determines minor characteristics of motion” Max_cm_height - maximum height of center of mass during motion slip_sum - Distance traveled by body parts in continuous contact with ground rotations - Number of full-body rotations during motion Terms encourage certain trait in motion –e.g., shuffling, gyrations, hopping

8. Time-based Motion Controllers All sense variables reduced to one: time –easier to code –easier to compute one Simulation broken into time segments –Apply SR rules within segments –Cannot perform moves that take longer than given time segment allows –Repeat segments Size of segments determines motion –can control (a)periodicity of motions –e.g, Shuffling vs. tumbling of Beryl Biped

9. Composite Motion Synthesis Allowing animator to concatenate motion controllers using an animation editor Easier than earlier approaches –using pre-made motion controllers –no SC problems to solve in animation editor Major challenges exist –starting a motion controller from an initial configuration it was not designed for

10. Different Starting Configurations Simple animation editor created Sense-based BSR controllers are robust –only similar initial configuration needed for simple motions –human selection of alternate transition points requires solid understanding of controllers available care needed - BSR controllers are only so robust tedious work Automated transition point selection needed

11. Automated Transition Point Selection Three techniques used –Create more robust motion controllers randomly perturb initial configurations of articulated figures during each iteration of motion synthesis –Using a composite-motion scripting language quantifying each phase of composite motion interpreter translates characteristics into fitness function for optimization –Heuristic search for best transition pt. Greedy best first search for local optimum for random initial set of transition points.

12. Going from 2D to 3D Increased complexity –Dimensionality of controller space doubles –Much of controller search space now causes loss of balance Type of controllers used –time-based performed better than expected –sense-based

13. Time-based Controllers in 3D worked faster than sense-based controllers –easier to solve smaller, easier time problems proved fitter - faster learning curve certain limitations surface –unstable 3D figures prove hard to implement –harder to concatenate time-based controllers

14. Sense-based Controllers in 3D Take longer, but show no limitations Increased complexity –All vectors now 3D –New rules desirable in 3D simulation Better mutation algorithm needed Better initial setup needed

15. Better Mutation Algorithm Greater complexity, larger controller space Better heuristics needed in mutations –purely random mutations unlikely to have an effect in incredibly large controller space –aggressive relevence heuristics needed to create random regions that guarantee an effect –new heuristics demand that sensitive region now share some points with old sense space trajectory

16. Better initial setup needed Three rounds of mutations conducted on initial set of motion controllers Low pass filter on values of physical senses –remove noise –remove high-frequency variation