1.  B.Munier, Ph.D. GLOBALIZATION, REGIONALIZATION & PARTICULARISMS Bruno Munier, Ph.D.

2.  B.Munier, Ph.D. A process: Growing interactions (trade, finance, security, ecology, culture, demography …)  growing interdependence (affects sovereignty)  complication of “global” relations (  new stakes must be perceived in their globality and multi-dimensional reality)  faster (& faster) pace of change (exponential acceleration) GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION & PARTICULARITIES

3.  B.Munier, Ph.D. Globalization is a new phenomenon that deeply change the whole world society. It is not limited to the Economy or the Market, This is a process (set of interactions => dynamics) that can be summarized as the multiplication of exchanges, growing interdependence growingly complex set of actors. of all sort & nature, generating growing interdependence between a growingly complex set of actors. GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION & PARTICULARITIES A Multi-dimensional Process

4.  B.Munier, Ph.D. Multidimentionality: Globalization is: an economic process (with the growing integration of world market and finance, phenomenon that stimulates competition between the various economic actors) a social process (as it affects cultures, encourages demographic streams) a techno-scientific process (progress, as will be later developed, is the source of globalization as it facilitates communications of all sorts and competition, even if technological skills and knowledge is not evenly spread) a juridical process (IGOs actively participates even if in some cases or areas still greatly insufficiently to the normalization of rules affecting trade, contracts, employment, conflicts between nations or partners…) a political process (as it affects States’sovereignty, role and mission, and global geopolitics): “Global System” in place of “International System” GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION & PARTICULARITIES

5.  B.Munier, Ph.D. GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION & PARTICULARITIES The roots of globalization :  exponential acceleration of the techno-scientific progress, ever & ever faster dissemination of its use by larger amount of people &  liberalization of the World Order Due to political want & the exponential development of the means of communication (transport, telecommunication, Internet…)

6.  B.Munier, Ph.D. GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION & PARTICULARITIES  Technology & science (R&D) + Capacity & Want to communicate (exchange, competition) = are the keys for development  Communication   Competition   Competitiveness & readiness Adaptation-Reactivity

7.  B.Munier, Ph.D. Acceleration of the technological innovations cycles & of the dissemination of progress: ElectricityChemistry TV Satellites Computer PC Cellular Phone TelephoneAutomobile 187019001950 1970 1980 1990 Contribute to improve communication & reduce distances GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION & PARTICULARITIES

8.  B.Munier, Ph.D. The process of liberalization a new post-WW2 World Order: New Geopolitical Order Institutionalization of International Relations promotion of free trade, + monetary and financial stability as source of development, peace & security Post WW2 institutionalization: (NIPO & NIEO) UNO (1945), IMF + BIRD (1944) + IMS (Bretton Woods) GATT (1947) WTO (1995) GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION & PARTICULARITIES Result: creation of an environment favorable to the development of trade

9.  B.Munier, Ph.D. Liberalization: securing Free Trade:2 steps: - IMS & the GATT explosion of trade & invest * trlateralization - end of the cold war the end of bipolarization permits a redefinition of priorities and a generalization of liberalism + The “newly integrated economies” (NIC…) GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION & PARTICULARITIES Acceleration of trade, financial & technological flows: Explosion of imports: 1950 = exportations: 100; 1990 = 2000 production: 100; 500 World Trade = 1978 9% Wd GDP 1998 24% 2005 28% (2000 prev.)WTO 2000 Geoeconomic complication : The N/S rift?

10.  B.Munier, Ph.D.  new economic policy priorities: Trade & export strategies Attraction / FDI Privatization Delocalization GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION & PARTICULARITIES The quest for competitiveness

11.  B.Munier, Ph.D. Nowadays, no country nor group of any kind can shut itself off from others: the world community is growingly characterized by its Globality we must here make (with BECK) a distinction with another concept : GLOBALISM that illustrates “the view that the world market eliminates or supplants political action” (the end of politics!), which proved to be wrong! In contradiction with the multi-dimension perspective  adaptation of the perception ( / stakes)  New « adapted » answers ( / global security, development, ecology…) Must square with the Globality and complexity of the presentday World System GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION & PARTICULARITIES

12.  B.Munier, Ph.D. GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY Economic and financial disparities

13.  B.Munier, Ph.D. GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY

14.  B.Munier, Ph.D. GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY World Trade

15.  B.Munier, Ph.D. GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY GNP / capita

16.  B.Munier, Ph.D. GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY HDI

17.  B.Munier, Ph.D. GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY Growth divergences

18.  B.Munier, Ph.D. GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY Growth divergences

19.  B.Munier, Ph.D. Bipolarity, multipolarity, unipolarity? The World Order