2. war

3. End of History? no wars fought between democratic countries (in 20th century) nor (since WWII) between wealthy countries--a few exceptions

4. So who is still fighting? Most wars of the past 50 years are: fought in poor countries civil wars possibly with foreign involvement ill-defined forces para-militaries, children, abductees high civilian casualties

5. Recent factors behind decline in conflicts End of most colonial wars of independence End of Cold War Rising incomes, especially Asia Greater peace-keeping and peace-making by international forces

6. But down the road... Increasing tensions with religious fundamentalism Intractable poverty Conflicts over shortages of oil, water, and other resources The unpredictable

7. UN forces UN chapter 7 authorized forces--Korea, First Iraq War, etc “Blue Helmets”--UN peacekeepers more than 60 missions, growing

9. International Forces--NATO formed 1949--US dominant mutual defense clause reinvented after 1991, eventually expanded first use: 1994 ending war in Bosnia 1999 more extensive use against Serbia, protecting Kosovo 2003 takes over security role from Germany in Afghanistan

11. Arms trade

12. The Arms market Small arms—total of 1 gun for every 10 people on earth