1. Chapter 3 – Developing Global Managers BA 352 K&K And more

2. Key Questions What is culture? How do cultures differ across countries? Why do we need to worry about other cultures? How does national culture impact behavior in organizations? What difficulties arise when transferring management practices across cultures?

3. Culture “the collective programming of the mind.” Hofstede, G.1984.Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values (abridged ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. p. 13

4. Cultural competence The ability to act appropriately with people of different cultures while minimizing culture shock for yourself and others

5. Dimensions of Culture - Hall Language Low Context Cultures Things are fully spelled out: words are important. High Context Cultures More implicit communication; assume commonality of knowledge and views. Meaning based on context - body language, setting, relationships (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 1998)

6. Context LOW context HIGH context Switzerland Germany Scandinavia United States France England Italy Spain Greece Arab Countries Chinese Japanese Samovar & Porter, 1991

7. Time Orientation Polychronic Cultures View time as flexible and multidimensional Monochronic Cultures View time as limited, precisely segmented and schedule driven Kinicki & Kreitner, 2003

8. Other Dimensions - Hall Use of Space personal “bubbles” of space architecture Office spaces Town layouts Religion personal rituals, holy days, allowable foods and beverages, morals and values (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 1998)

9. Values & Cultures - Hofstede Large cross-cultural research project Between 1967 - 1973 over 100,000 employees of IBM in 49 different countries Surveyed about preferences in work related values Resulted in 4 value dimensions (later expanded to 5) (Hofstede,G., 2001)

10. Power distance “the extent to which the less powerful members…accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.” (Hofstede, 2001, p 3.) U.S. 40 Highest Malaysia 104 Lowest Austria 11

11. Individualism - Collectivism the tendency of a culture to emphasize individual or self-interests versus collective or group interests. (Hofstede, 2001, p 3.) Lowest Guatemala 6 Highest U.S 91

12. Uncertainty Avoidance “a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.” (Hofstede, 2001, p 3.) Lowest Singapore 8 U.S 46 Highest Greece 112

13. Masculinity-feminity “ distribution of roles between the genders.” (Hofstede, p.3) tendency of a culture to value “assertiveness and acquisition of money and things” vs. “concern with relationships, …others and the overall quality of life” (Adler, 2002, p. 61) Lowest Sweden 5 U.S 62 Highest Japan 95

14. Long term – Short term Orientation The tendency of a culture to emphasize values associated with the future vs “devotion to work ethic and tradition”. (Adler, 2002, p. 63) Lowest West Africa 16 U.S 29 Highest China, mainland 118 Taiwan 87

15. U.S. culture Individualism Equality Materialism Science and technology Progress and change Work and leisure Competition Adapted from Samovar & Porter, 2001

16. Developing a global mindset “An openness and awareness of diversity across cultures with a tendency and ability to synthesize across this diversity.” Gupta & Govindarajan (2002). Cultivating a global mindset, Academy of Management Executive.

17. Works cited Adler, N. (2002). International dimensions of organizational behavior. (4th ed.). Cincinnati: South-western. Gupta & Govindarajan (2002). Cultivating a global mindset, Academy of Management Executive. Hofstede, Geert (2001). A Summary of my ideas about national cuclture differences. http://spitswww.uvt.nl/web/iric/hofsteded/page3.htm 4/6/2004http://spitswww.uvt.nl/web/iric/hofsteded/page3.htm Hofstede, Geert (2001). Culture’s consequences, Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organisations across nations. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kinicki, A. & Kreitner, R. (2003). Organizational behavior: Key concepts, skills & best practices. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Samovar, L.S. & Porter, R.E. (2001). Communication between cultures (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Samovar, L.a. & Porter, R.E. (1991). Intercultural communication: A reader. (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Schermerhorn, J.R. Hunt, J.G., & Osborn, R.N. (1998) Basic organizational behavior (2 nd ed.). NY: Wiley.