1. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

2. 1. Elements - ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ a pure substance made up of only one kind of atom or particle A. Each element has its own __________________________.characteristic properties 1. _____________________________ 2. _____________________________ 3. _____________________________ 4. _____________________________ 5. _____________________________ Melting point Boiling point Density Electric and thermal conductivity Chemical reactivity B. Elements can be one of three types: 1. Metals - _______________________________________________ Ex: _________________________________________________ 2. Nonmetals - ___________________________________________ Ex: _________________________________________________ 3. Metalloids - ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Ex: _________________________________________________ shiny, good conductors, malleable, ductile dull, poor conductors, brittle, unmalleable Properties are in between metals and nonmetals: semiconductors, some are shiny, some are not, somewhat ductile and somewhat malleable gold, silver, iron, calcium, lithium, uranium, platinum sulfur, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, chlorine, neon, helium silicon, boron, antimony, arsenic, germanium, tellurium

3. The atomic number is the number of ________________ in the nucleus of all atoms of that particular element. Most of the elements are ____________. protons metals

4. 2. Compounds - ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Ex: _________________________________________________________ a pure substance composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined table salt, sugar, carbon dioxide, water, baking soda A. Each compound has its elements combined in a ______________ ________________. For example, in every molecule of water, there are ____ atoms of ______________ for every one atom of _________. definite ratio 2hydrogenoxygen This ratio is also based on the _____________ of the elements. For water, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen by mass is ____ to____. Look at the periodic table above. What is the mass of hydrogen? ____ Multiply that by the number of atoms of hydrogen. ____ What is the mass of oxygen? ___ What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen? ___ to ___. What does that reduce to? ___ to ____. 18 1 2 16 2 16 1 8 B. Each compound has a unique set of ______________, just like each element does. These are both _________________ and _____________ properties. These properties are different from the properties of the _________________ that make up the compound. properties physical chemical elements mass

5. For example, ______________ is a colorless, odorless gas that supports burning. ______________ is a colorless, odorless gas that is highly explosive. When chemically combined, they make ___________, a stable liquid compound. oxygen Hydrogen water += C. Compounds cannot be broken down by ________________ changes. _____________ or ______________ a substance will not break it down. It can only be broken down into its ________________ by a chemical change. One way to do this is through __________________ where an electric current is passed through the substance, causing it to separate into its _______________ (as in separating ____________ into ___________ and _______________. physical Crushingfiltering elements electrolysis elementswateroxygen hydrogen

6. 3. Mixtures - ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ a combination of 2 or more substances that are not chemically combined Examples: ____________________________________________________ *Substances in a mixture keep their ____________ _____________. *Substances in a mixture can be _________________ ________________. Salt water, tossed salad, granite, blood, brass original properties physically separated Ex: How would you separate a mixture of sand, salt, and iron filings? Answer: ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Run a magnet through the mixture to remove the iron. Add water to the remaining mixture to dissolve the salt. Filter the salt water – sand mixture to remove the sand. Evaporate off the water to get the salt. *Substances in a mixture do not have a _______________ ______________. Ex: One salad could have more _________________ or _________________ than another salad, but both are still salads. definite ratio tomatoes cucumbers

7. A.Solution - ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ a mixture that appears to be a single substance but is composed of particles of 2 or more substances that are evenly distributed amongst each other. *Solutions are ______________________, meaning they are the same throughout the sample. The particles are so small that they cannot be separated by ______________________ and they never ____________ __________. They also do not _______________ _________________. homogeneous filtering settle out scatter light *Many solutions are _________________ such as _______ ___________ or ____________ _____________, but they may also be ______________ like _________________________________ or __________________________________. They could also be ______ like ___________, or a combination of liquid and gas such as _________, a solution of the gas ____________ ____________ in flavored _________ ______________. liquidsalt water apple juicesolid bronze (a mixture of zinc and copper) steel (a mixture of iron and carbon)gas air soda carbon dioxide sugar water *Solute: ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ *Solvent: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ *Concentration: ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ the substance that is dissolved (whose particles are in the smaller amount the substance in which the solute is dissolved (whose particles are in the larger amount) a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent, often measured in grams of solute per liter of solvent

8. Solubility: _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ the amount of solute needed to make a saturated solution using a given solvent at a certain temperature. Types of concentrations: 1. Dilute - __________________________________________________ 2. Concentrated - ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 3. Saturated solution - _______________________________________ ___________________________________________ containing less solute than another solution of the same type containing more solute than another solution of the same type a solution that contains all the solute it can hold at a given temperature. For most solids, the solubility _______________ as the temperature___________. For gases, the solubility _________________ as the temperature _____________. increases decreases increases Temperature Grams of solute per 100g of solvent What can make a solid solute dissolve faster? 1.__________________________ 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________ Heating Crushing Mixing

9. B. Suspensions - __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Ex: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ a mixture in which particles of a material are dispersed throughout the liquid or gas but are large enough that they settle out. Suspensions are heterogeneous. blood, muddy pond water, Italian salad dressing that has been shaken C. Colloids - ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ a mixture in which the particles are dispersed throughout but are not heavy enough to settle out. Ex: ______________________________________________________Fog, jello, whipped cream, milk, mayonnaise *Colloids particles are large enough to _____________ _____________ but too small to be _________________ or to ____________ __________. scatter light filteredsettle out

10. 1. Elements - ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ A. Each element has its own __________________________. 1. _____________________________ 2. _____________________________ 3. _____________________________ 4. _____________________________ 5. _____________________________ B. Elements can be one of three types: 1. Metals - _______________________________________________ Ex: _________________________________________________ 2. Nonmetals - ___________________________________________ Ex: _________________________________________________ 3. Metalloids - ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Ex: _________________________________________________

11. The atomic number is the number of ________________ in the nucleus of all atoms of that particular element. Most of the elements are ____________.

12. 2. Compounds - ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Ex: _________________________________________________________ A. Each compound has its elements combined in a ______________ ________________. For example, in every molecule of water, there are ____ atoms of ______________ for every one atom of _________. This ratio is also based on the _____________ of the elements. For water, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen by mass is ____ to____. Look at the periodic table above. What is the mass of hydrogen? ____ Multiply that by the number of atoms of hydrogen. ____ What is the mass of oxygen? ___ What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen? ___ to ___. What does that reduce to? ___ to ____. B. Each compound has a unique set of ______________, just like each element does. These are both _________________ and _____________ properties. These properties are different from the properties of the _________________ that make up the compound.

13. For example, ______________ is a colorless, odorless gas that supports burning. ______________ is a colorless, odorless gas that is highly explosive. When chemically combined, they make ___________, a stable liquid compound. += C. Compounds cannot be broken down by ________________ changes. _____________ or ______________ a substance will not break it down. It can only be broken down into its ________________ by a chemical change. One way to do this is through __________________ where an electric current is passed through the substance, causing it to separate into its _______________ (as in separating ____________ into ___________ and _______________.

14. 3. Mixtures - ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Examples: ____________________________________________________ *Substances in a mixture keep their ____________ _____________. *Substances in a mixture can be _________________ ________________. Ex: How would you separate a mixture of sand, salt, and iron filings? Answer: ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ *Substances in a mixture do not have a _______________ ______________. Ex: One salad could have more _________________ or _________________ than another salad, but both are still salads.

15. A.Solution - ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ *Solutions are ______________________, meaning they are the same throughout the sample. The particles are so small that they cannot be separated by ______________________ and they never ____________ __________. They also do not _______________ _________________. *Many solutions are _________________ such as _______ ___________ or ____________ _____________, but they may also be ______________ like _________________________________ or __________________________________. They could also be ______ like ___________, or a combination of liquid and gas such as _________, a solution of the gas ____________ ____________ in flavored _________ ______________. *Solute: ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ *Solvent: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ *Concentration: ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

16. Solubility: _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Types of concentrations: 1. Dilute - __________________________________________________ 2. Concentrated - ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 3. Saturated solution - _______________________________________ ___________________________________________ For most solids, the solubility _______________ as the temperature___________. For gases, the solubility _________________ as the temperature _____________. Temperature Grams of solute per 100g of solvent What can make a solid solute dissolve faster? 1.__________________________ 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________

17. B. Suspensions - __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Ex: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. C. Colloids - ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Ex: ______________________________________________________ *Colloids particles are large enough to _____________ _____________ but too small to be _________________ or to ____________ __________.