1. Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi
Group 2
Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi

2. Bones of the Skull

3. SKULL Facial Cranial 14 bones 8 Bones Mandible 1 Vomer
2 Inferior nasal conchae
2 Lacrimal bones
2 Maxillae
2 Nasal bones
Palatine bones
2 Zygomatic bones
1 Ethmoid bone
Frontal bone
1 Occipital bone
Parietal bones
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bones

4. FACIAL BONES

5. CRANIAL BONES

6. ADDITIONAL SKULL FEATURES
Major sutures
Paranasal sinuses
Hyoid bone

7. Major Sutures

8. Functions TYPE OF BONE FUNCTIONS FACIAL
Form the mechanical framework of the face
Protect and support entry points of both the digestive and respiratory systems
Provide attachment for some muscles of facial expression
Protect and support organs for the senses of vivion, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium/balance
CRANIAL
Protection of the brain
Inner-surfaces :attach to membranes that stabilise the positions of the brain, blood vessels and nerves
Outer surface : act as areas of attachment for muscles that move the head in various ways

9. Maxilla & Mandible

10. Maxilla
Forms the majority of the skeleton of the face and the upper jaw
Contains the maxillary sinus
Articulates with the opposite maxilla and the frontal, sphenoid, nasal, vomer, and ethmoid bones; inferior nasal concha, palatine, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones; and septal and nasal cartilages

12. Mandible Forms the lower jaw Described as horseshoe shaped
All muscles of mastication attach to the mandible
Consists of body of mandible, ramus, coronoid process, condylar process, alveolar process

14. Lacrimal & Nasal Cavity

15. Lacrimal Bone Small and rectangular in shape Very thin and fragile
Forms a small portion of medial wall of the orbit
Articulates with frontal process of the maxilla, orbital plate of the ethmoid bone, frontal bone and inferior nasal concha
The region that articulates with the frontal process of the maxilla forms the lacrimal fossa → the location of the lacrimal sac
The inferior part of the lacrimal forms a small portion of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

18. Nasal Bone

19. Foramens of the Base of the Skull

20. What is foramen? A foramen (pl. foramina) is an opening.
Foramina allow muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another.

21. Superior view of the cranial base

22. Inferior view of the cranial base

23. Structures Passing through
Foramen
Located in or Formed by
Structures Passing through
Incisive foramen
Maxilla (palatine process)
Nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine a.
Greater palatine foramen
Palatine
Greater palatine n. and vessels
Lesser palatine foramina
Lesser palatine n. and vessels

24. Foramen ovale
Sphenoid
Mandibular division of the
trigeminal n., accessory meningeal
a., lesser petrosal n., emissary v.
Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal vessels and
meningeal branch of the
mandibular division of the
trigeminal n.
Foramen rotundum
Maxillary division of the
Sphenoid foramen
Emissary v.
Foramen lacerum
Articulation of the sphenoid (greater wing and body), temporal (petrous portion), and occipital (basilar portion) bones
Nothing passes through it
sphenoid
Filled with fibrocartilage during
body), temporal (petrous life (although the anterior wall of the foramen has an opening for the pterygoid canal and the posterior
wall has an opening for the carotid canal)

25. Emissary v. (sometimes branches of the occipital a.)
Mastoid foramen
Temporal (mastoid
portion)
Emissary v. (sometimes branches of the occipital a.)
Opening for auditory tube
Temporal and sphenoid
Cartilaginous portion of the
auditory tube
Tympanic canaliculus
Temporal
Tympanic branch of the
glossopharyngeal n.
Jugular foramen
Temporal (petrous portion) and occipital
Glossopharyngeal n., vagus n., spinal accessory n., inferior
petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus,
posterior meningeal a.
Mastoid canaliculus
Temporal (within the jugular fossa)
Auricular branch of the vagus n.

26. Petrotympanic fissure
Temporal
Chorda tympani n., anterior tympanic a.
Stylomastoid foramen
Facial n., stylomastoid a.
Tympanomastoid fissure
Auricular branch of the vagus n.
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital
Hypoglossal n.
Condylar canal
Emissary v., meningeal branches of
ascending pharyngeal a.
Foramen magnum
Medulla oblongata, vertebral
arteries, spinal roots of the spinal
accessory n.

27. Foramen cecum
Between the frontal and ethmoid bones
Emissary v. from nasal cavity to
the superior sagittal sinus
Anterior ethmoid foramen
Anterior ethmoid n. and vessels
Posterior ethmoid foramen
Posterior ethmoid n. and vessels
Carotid canal
Temporal (petrous portion)
Internal carotid a., internal carotid
n. plexus (sympathetics)
Hiatus for the lesser petrosal n.
Lesser petrosal n.
Hiatus for the greater petrosal n.
Greater petrosal n.
Internal acoustic meatus
Facial n., vestibulocochlear n.,
labyrinthine a.
Opening of the vestibular aqueduct
Endolymphatic duct

28. Thank you