1. EEL 5937 Ontologies EEL 5937 Multi Agent Systems Lecture 5, Jan 23 th, 2003 Lotzi Bölöni

2. EEL 5937 Ontologies Ontologies are explicit formal specifications of the terms in the domain and relations among them (Gruber 1993). Why would someone want to develop an ontology? Some of the reasons are: –To share common understanding of the structure of information among people or software agents –To enable reuse of domain knowledge –To make domain assumptions explicit –To separate domain knowledge from the operational knowledge –To analyze domain knowledge

3. EEL 5937 What is an ontology? Classes (sometimes called concepts) Slots (sometimes called roles or properties) Facets, restrictions on slots (sometimes called role restrictions). An ontology together with a set of individual instances of classes constitutes a knowledge base. –In reality, there is a fine line where the ontology ends and the knowledge base begins. -This representation is closely related to the frame approach of Marvin Minsky (1975). -They are also closely related to semantic networks -Also related to: OOP, Database systems etc. -There can be variations from this basic pattern

4. EEL 5937 Ontology systems Languages –CLIPS, Jess –XML –RDF –DAML+OIL –CycL Ontology editors –Protégé-2000 Standardized ontologies –Dublin Core Ontology –Cyc Upper Ontology –… etc.

5. EEL 5937 Resource Description Framework

6. EEL 5937 RDF – Resource Description Framework RDF is proposed by W3C – the Internet standardization organization (and Tim-Berners Lee) provides a language for modeling semi-structured metadata and enabling knowledge-management applications. RDF is very similar to a basic directed graph, which is a very well understood data structure in computer science. This simplicity serves RDF very well, making it a sort of assembly language on top of which almost every other information-modeling method can be overlaid.

7. EEL 5937 RDF (cont’d) The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a language for representing information about resources in the World Wide Web. It is particularly intended for representing metadata about Web resources, such as the title, author, and modification date of a Web page, copyright and licensing information about a Web document, or the availability schedule for some shared resource. However, by generalizing the concept of a "Web resource", RDF can also be used to represent information about things that can be identified on the Web, even when they can't be directly retrieved on the Web. RDF provides a common framework for expressing this information so it can be exchanged between applications without loss of meaning.

8. EEL 5937 RDF (example) <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#"> Eric Miller Semantic Web Activity Lead

9. EEL 5937 RDF terminology An RDF document is a collection of statements. A statement is a triplet of (subject, predicate, object). Subject: the thing the statement is about. Predicate: the property or the characteristic of the subject that the statement identifies Object: the value of the property. E.g.: http://www.example.org has a creator whose value is John Smith.

10. EEL 5937 RDF: Uniform Resource Identifiers URIs are not limited to identifying things that have network locations, or use other computer access mechanisms. In fact, we can create a URI to refer to anything we want to talk about, including network-accessible things, such as an electronic document, an image, a service (e.g., "today's weather report for Los Angeles"), or a collection of other resources. things that are not network-accessible, such as human beings, corporations, and bound books in a library. abstract concepts that don't physically exist, like the concept of a "creator".

11. EEL 5937 URI: examples: http: (Hypertext Transfer Protocol, primarily for Web pages) mailto: (email addresses), e.g., mailto:em@w3.org ftp: (File Transfer Protocol) urn: (Uniform Resource Names, intended to be persistent location-independent resource identifiers), e.g., urn:isbn:0-520-02356-0 (for a book)

12. EEL 5937 URI Reference A URI reference (or URIref) is a URI, together with an optional fragment identifier at the end. For example, the URI reference http://www.example.org/index.html#section2 consists of the URI http://www.example.org/index.html and (separated by the "#" character) the fragment identifier Section2. RDF defines a resource as anything that is identifiable by a URI reference, and hence using URIrefs allows RDF to describe practically anything, and to state relationships between such things as well. In order to make writing URIrefs easier, URIrefs may be either absolute or relative.

13. EEL 5937 RDF Reification RDF applications sometimes need to make statements about statements, for instance, to record information about when a statement was made, who made it, or other similar information That is, we want to be able to turn the original statement into a resource, so that we can make it the subject of another RDF statement that talks about it. RDF provides a built-in vocabulary for modeling statements as resources. This modeling is called reification in RDF, and a model of a statement is called a reified statement.

14. EEL 5937 DAML

15. EEL 5937 DAML Users have desired more from RDF and RDF Schema, including data types, a consistent expression for enumerations, and other facilities

16. EEL 5937 DAML extensions to RDF Data typing, multiple ranges Unique properties –One can specify that a property be unique, meaning that there can only be one value of the property for each instance Enumerations –Closed set of values Inverse properties –Inverse properties are quite common. If A is the father of B, then B is the child of A. The properties "father" and "child" are the inverse of each other. DAML+OIL allows one to declare this systematically, so that you are free to only assert one property, and its inverse is inferred. Transitivity –Another important specialization of properties in DAML+OIL is transitivity. For instance, the ancestor of your ancestor is also your ancestor. There is at least one common transitive property built into RDFS: daml:subClassOf. If class A is a subclass of B, and class B is a subclass of C, then class A must be a subclass of C. DAML+OIL allows one to give this behavior to any object property one wishes

17. EEL 5937 DAML extensions to RDF (cont’d) Property Restrictions –For many reasons ranging from convenience to access control, one might not directly assert a classification for a resource. DAML+OIL provides property restrictions, which are a way to restrict classes to a set of resources based on particular properties of theirs, the number of these properties that are asserted, or the value of these properties.