1. Group Influence

2. 2 Group: Two or more people who interact with and influence one another Phenomena of collective influence: Social Facilitation Social Loafing Deindividuation Group Polarization Groupthink

3. 3 Social Facilitation Presence of other people strengthens dominant, well-learned responses We are energized and aroused by the presence of others Why? Evaluation Apprehension Distraction Mere Presence

4. 4 Social Loafing Tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts for a common goal than when they are individually accountable Ingham et al. Latane, Williams, & Harking People loaf less when task is challenging and involving, or when group members are friends

5. 5 Deindividuation Presence of people causes arousal Being part of a group can diffuse personal responsibility Combination of these can diminish normal inhibitions Foodfights Vandalism Riots

6. 6 Deindividuation Loss of sense of individual responsibility and abandonment of normal restraints

7. 7 Deindividuation Affected by: Group size ‘Jumper’ study Physical anonymity Uniform studies Gergen, Gergen, and Barton Distracting activities Diminished self-awareness

8. 8 Group Polarization Group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies Normative influence Informational Influence Risky shift Pluralistic ignorance

9. 9 Groupthink A tendency of a decision-making group to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony Occurs in groups with: High cohesiveness Relative isolation from dissenting views Directive leadership

10. 10 Symptoms of Groupthink Overestimate might and right Illusion of invulnerability Unquestioned belief in group’s morality Closed-mindedness Rationalization Stereotyped view of opponent

11. 11 Symptoms of Groupthink Pressures toward uniformity Conformity Self-censorship Illusion of unanimity Mindguards

12. 12 Pearl Harbor

13. 13 Bay of Pigs

14. 14 Space Shuttle Challenger

15. 15 Minority Influence How do individuals influence groups? Definition: Definition: Influence of attitudinal minority on the majority

16. 16 Minority Influence Majorities use: Power (can force compliance) Normative influence Minority influence: Tends to be weaker than majority influence Uses informational influence to persuade

17. 17 When is minority influence effective? Consistency Consensus Confidence