1. Motivation and Emotion

3. Motivation
Click on the fish to watch it’s instinctual behavior.
Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors.
But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

4. Drive Reduction Theory
Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.
Wants to maintain homeostasis.
When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive.
Primary versus Secondary drives

5. Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson Law

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal.
We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

7. Motivation of HUNGER

8. Biological Basis of Hunger
Hunger does NOT come from our stomach.
It comes from our…
Brain
What part of the brain?
The Hypothalamus

9. Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
When stimulated it makes you hungry.
When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again.
When stimulated you feel full.
When lesioned you will never feel full again.

10. Set Point Theory The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.
Wants to maintain a stable weight.
Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight.
Leptin theory

11. Body Chemistry Glucose The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat.
When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

12. Psychological Aspects of Hunger
Internals versus Externals
The Garcia Effect

13. Culture and Hunger

14. Dog
Mice Wine
Fried Frog Legs
Criadillas- bull testicles.

15. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa
Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

16. Anorexia Nervosa
Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight.
See themselves as fat.
Vast majority are woman.
Click on the woman to watch a case study of an anorexic.

17. Obesity
Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues.
Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity.
Click on the pictures to see some case studies on obesity.

18. Sexual Motivation Sex is natural.
Without sex, none of us would be here.
How do scientists (or you) find out about sex?
YOU ASK!!!!!!

19. Kinsey’s Studies
Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s).
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual.
Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

20. Masters and Johnson Study
Click on Masters and Johnson to see a more detailed explanation of their research.
In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex.
382 females and 312 males.
After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight.

21. Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle
Initial Excitement
Plateau Phase
Orgasm
Resolution Phase (with refractory period).

22. Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation
Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex.
Heiman 4 tape study.
People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.

23. We have discussed the energizing of sexual motivation but have yet to discuss its direction:
Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender.
Percentage, brothers and cities

24. How is Sexual Orientation Determined
There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined.
Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents.
This it is likely biologically determined.

25. The Brain
Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men.

26. Prenatal Environment
Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment.
We have created homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep!!!

27. Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work
Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..)
Intrinsic Motivators
Extrinsic Motivators
Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..)
Work great in the short run.

28. Management Theory Management/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators.
Theory X
Theory Y
Managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment.
Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated.
Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs.
Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive.
Interested in Maslow’s higher needs.

29. When Motives Conflict approach-approach conflict
avoidance-avoidance conflict
approach-avoidance conflict
Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts

30. Emotion
Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress.
The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.

31. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Say James-Lange theory is full of crap.
How can that be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states.
The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.
They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

32. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories.
They happen at the same time but…
People who are already physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli.
Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.

33. Stress Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
Life Changing Units (LCUs)- marriage, change job, etc…
The more LCUs you have the higher your score is on the SRRS.
Those who score higher are more likely to have stress related disease.

34. Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Describes our response to a stressful event.
Three stages
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion