1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Part 8 - Chapter 29

2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2 Part 8 Partial Differential Equations Table PT8.1

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3 Figure PT8.4

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 Finite Difference: Elliptic Equations Chapter 29 Solution Technique Elliptic equations in engineering are typically used to characterize steady-state, boundary value problems. For numerical solution of elliptic PDEs, the PDE is transformed into an algebraic difference equation. Because of its simplicity and general relevance to most areas of engineering, we will use a heated plate as an example for solving elliptic PDEs.

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5 Figure 29.1

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 6 Figure 29.3

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7 The Laplacian Difference Equations/ Laplacian difference equation. Holds for all interior points Laplace Equation O[  (x) 2 ] O[  (y) 2 ]

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 8 Figure 29.4

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9 In addition, boundary conditions along the edges must be specified to obtain a unique solution. The simplest case is where the temperature at the boundary is set at a fixed value, Dirichlet boundary condition. A balance for node (1,1) is: Similar equations can be developed for other interior points to result a set of simultaneous equations.

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10 The result is a set of nine simultaneous equations with nine unknowns:

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11 The Liebmann Method/ Most numerical solutions of Laplace equation involve systems that are very large. For larger size grids, a significant number of terms will b e zero. For such sparse systems, most commonly employed approach is Gauss-Seidel, which when applied to PDEs is also referred as Liebmann’s method.

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 12 Boundary Conditions We will address problems that involve boundaries at which the derivative is specified and boundaries that are irregularly shaped. Derivative Boundary Conditions/ Known as a Neumann boundary condition. For the heated plate problem, heat flux is specified at the boundary, rather than the temperature. If the edge is insulated, this derivative becomes zero.

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 13 Figure 29.7

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 14 Thus, the derivative has been incorporated into the balance. Similar relationships can be developed for derivative boundary conditions at the other edges.

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 15 Irregular Boundaries Many engineering problems exhibit irregular boundaries. Figure 29.9

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 16 First derivatives in the x direction can be approximated as:

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 17 A similar equation can be developed in the y direction. Control-Volume Approach Figure 29.12

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 18 Figure 29.13

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19 The control-volume approach resembles the point-wise approach in that points are determined across the domain. In this case, rather than approximating the PDE at a point, the approximation is applied to a volume surrounding the point.