1. Determination of the Best Watershed Management Models in Developing Countries Amanda Jardine Erica Massey Scott Finlayson EESc 313 Management of Forested Watersheds Dr. Adam Wei April 3, 2012
Figure 2
Figure 1

2. Watersheds & Water Watersheds & the water cycle:
Capture
Storage
Filtering
Release of precipitation (ET or T)
Water Ecosystems & Interconnection:
Resource and linkage
Social, environmental and economic aspects

3. Integrated Water Management (IWM)
Formulation & implementation
Watershed management approach
Course of action
Achieve specific objectives
Social, economic & institutional factors

4. Best Watershed Management Models Developing Countries
Application of IWM in planning:
Secures resources
Access to clean water
Sustainability: planning for future generations
Linkage between uplands and lowlands
Best Models based on:
Integrated basin-wide law & policy
Empowered governance model
Improved basin-wide science
Financial mechanisms
Integrated information & data networks

5. Case 1: Sao Paulo, Brazil
Figure 3: Sao Paulo, Brazil

6. Brazil’s largest metropolitan area Pollution to waterways
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Brazil’s largest metropolitan area
Population 18 million
Poverty/low-income live in slums, “favelas”
Pollution to waterways
Domestic effluent (2/3 of contamination)
Sewage, wastewater & solid waste discharge into reservoirs
90% of all sewage waste NOT treated
20% (4000 tonnes) unprocessed/day
New Management Model
Community-based
Legal enforcement ineffective
Guiding improvement vs. prohibiting further settlement
1991: State Law decentralizing policies (Water Basin Committee)

7. Sao Paulo, Brazil Sub-Committee of Watershed developed:
Emergency plan for restoration
Environmental plan
Sustainable development plan (land use, occupation & protection)
Potential vs. Poverty

8. Progress in Sao Paulo June 2010 host of WATER LOSS 2010
water loss reduction speciality conference
630 participants from 30 different countries
discuss latest developments, strategies, techniques and applications of international best practices in Non-Revenue Water Management.
Feb 2012 Japan Loan with Fed Republic of Brazil
Supporting efficient water resource use in São Paulo State
Over $33 Billion dollars
Community Initiatives:
90% water service rate
37% water is lost = low efficiency (leaks, theft, water metre failure)
Recycling greywater; rain barrel collection & purification

9. Transforming a void into a... productive zone and dynamic public space.
Urban remediation & Infrastructure hub

10. Case 2: India
Figure 4: India

11. India Most populated democracy in the world 1.2 Billion people
Rapid population growth rate
Socioeconomic welfare
Water & soil conservation

12. India IWM Key Strategies: IWM Investments:
Crop & livestock-based income strategies
Synergy between targeted technologies & policies
Sustainable use of resources
Stakeholder cooperation
Clearly defined roles
Strict accountability
CA (Collective Action): volunteer cooperation for problem-solving
Community organizations & social capita = equitable access
IWM Investments:
Construction of check dams for infiltration of surface water
Terraces for soil/water
Tree planting
GIS, database & web technology utilization

13. Integrated Approach & Sustainability
Access & property rights regime
Technology & economic returns
Institutions for beneficial sharing
Watershed Model Management Summary
Formal institutions in developing countries usually are…
not functioning property
Community collaboration = empowerment

14. Works Cited
Chowdhary, V., & Singh, UP. (2009). On Watershed Management. Journal of Crop Improvement. 23.2,
Easter, WK ,. & Hufschmidt, Mm. (1985). Integrated Watershed Management Research for Developing Countries. Workshop Report. Environment and Policy Institute. Washington, D.C.
Japan ODA Loan to Brazil Federal Republic. (2012) Retrieved April 1, 2010.
National Geographic Photos. (2012) Retrieved March 25, 2012.
Remediation & Infrastructure in Sao Paulo, Brazil. (2011)
Retrieved April 1, 2012.
Shah, A. (2005). Watershed Development. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics ,
Shiferaw, B., Kebede, T., & Reddy, VR. (2008). Community Watershed Management in Semi-Arid India: The state of Collective Action and its Effects on Natural Resources and Rural Livelihood. CAPRI Working Paper. No.85.
Tschinkel, H. & Perz, C. (2008). Improving Watershed Management in Developing Countries: A Framework of Prioritizing Sites, and Practices. Agricultural Resource and Extension Management. UK.
van Horen, B. (2001). Developing Community Based Watershed Management in Greater Sao Paulo: the Case of Santo Andre. Environment and Urbanization. 13,
Water Loss (2010) Retrieved April 1, 2012.