1. Mitosis and Meiosis Biology II
Material obtained from AP edition biology 7th edition campbell and reese

2. Warm-up (10-31-14) What are mitosis and meiosis?
Why are there two processes? What is the difference?

3. Outline for the day
Objectives
Cell Introduction

4. Objectives
To introduce the topic of mitosis and meiosis and begin the description of cell division.

5. Warm up (11-3-14) Why is cell division important to the cell?
What has to happen in order for a cell to divide?

6. Outline
Objectives
Cell Cycle Notes

7. Objectives
To determine what the cell cycle is and what its purpose is.

8. The Cell Cycle What is it? What are the parts? What is cell division?
Why is cell division important?

9. Cell Division Rudolf Virchow
German Physician
All cells must come from a previously existing cell
1855
Part of cell theory
In order to have cells reproducing, they have to go through cell division (reproduction of cells)

10. Cell Division
Can either produce an entire organism or just a small portion of one.
Give an example of a situation where cell division produces an entire organism…
Think of the differences between cells… we have both unicellular and multicellular organisms
Why is it important?
Renew and repair damaged cells
Growth of an organism (think of how babies begin… how many cells are they at first?)

11. Cell Cycle Life of a cell from first formation through cell division
What is produced at the end of the cell cycle?
Identical daughter cells with identical genetic material
What is an evolutionary significance of having identical genetic information?
What might an evolutionary disadvantage be of having identical genetic information?

12. Cellular Organization
Genome: cell’s DNA or genetic information
Prokaryote: a single long DNA molecule
Eukaryote: a number of DNA molecules
Overall length of DNA is very long in eukaryotes
Chromosomes: package of DNA molecules
Each eukaryote has a unique number of chromosomes…. How many do humans have?
Somatic cells: have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes
Gametes: only have 23 chromosomes…. Why is this important??

13. Distribution of Chromosomes
Chromatin: makes up chromosomes in eukaryotes, DNA and its associated proteins
Sister chromatids: compose a duplicated chromosome
Each contain identical DNA
In condensed form, it has a center region where the sister chromatids are most closely attached called the centromere
After separation, they are individual chromosomes

14. Mitosis vs. Cytokinesis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis: division of the nucleus, production of somatic cells
Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm
Meiosis: production of gametes, daughter cells are not identical to parent, they only have one set of chromosomes

15. Is a cell always dividing?
Phases of the cell cycle
Mitotic (M) phase
Mitosis and cytokinesis
Typically the shortest part of the cell cycle
Interphase
90% of cell cycle
Cell grows, replicates DNA, prepares for cell division
G1 phase (first gap)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 phase (second gap)
Cell grows, produces proteins, produces organelles
4. finally, comes the Mitotic phase (not part of interphase)

16. Picture from pearson education inc
AP Biology text book 7th edition

17. Stages of Mitosis Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Cytokinesis overlaps with the later stages of mitosis

18. Look at the pictures!!
Check out the diagram and discuss what you notice. What are some of the interesting defining characteristics during each of the phases?
Now look at the worksheet. It will help walk you through the different stages of mitosis
Worksheet retrieved from the following website:

19. Picture retrieved from http://www. google. com/url

20. Regulation of Mitosis
There is a checkpoint system built into the cell cycle.
Molecular control
G2 checkpoint
M phase checkpoint
Separation of sister chromatids cannot begin until lined up at metaphase plate and attached to spindle fibers
Why is it evolutionarily beneficial to have the regulation of mitosis?
What does having checkpoints help prevent?

21. Picture retrieved from http://www. google. com/url
Also this photo can be found in the 7th edition of the AP biology textbook by campbell and reece

22. Haploid vs. Diploid Haploid Diploid
The daughter cell has half of the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
The daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

23. Meiosis Meiosis I Meiosis II Looks similar to mitosis
Creates a haploid cell

24. Picture retrieved from http://www. google. com/url

25. Warm up (11-4-14) What are the stages of the Cell Cycle?
What is the advantage of the cell cycle?

26. Outline
Objectives
Cell Cycle and Cell Division Notes

27. Objectives
To determine how cell division occurs and the steps that must happen during cell division.

29. Warm up ( )
Do you think all cells go through the cell cycle at the same rate? Give an example of cells that you think reproduce quickly

30. Outline
Objectives

31. Objectives
To determine how cell division occurs and the steps that must happen during cell division.

32. Meiosis Animation
Scott Greenhalgh from the NSTA Listserve contributed this "Meiosis Web Lesson“
Retrieved from the following website:

34. Warm up ( )
What are the four phases of mitosis and what happens during each phase?

35. Outline
Objectives

36. Objectives
To determine how cell division occurs and the steps that must happen during cell division.

38. Twizzler Mitosis and Meiosis

39. Warm up ( )
Think of why each of the phases in mitosis is evolutionarily significant. In other words, how are each of these phases an adaptation that allows a cell to be better suited for its environment?

40. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab prep

41. Objectives
To determine how cell division occurs and the steps that must happen during cell division.
To prepare for the mitosis and meiosis Lab by gaining background information from the lab manual

42. Warm up ( )
Judging by what you know about mitosis and meiosis, what is an evolutionary advantage to having haploid cells?
Think of a situation where having haploid cells might not be advantageous.

43. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab prep

44. Objectives
To prepare for the mitosis and meiosis Lab by gaining background information from the lab manual

45. Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Mitosis vs. Meiosis

46. Lab Notebook Set Up

47. Warm up (11-11-14) What is the purpose of the mitosis and meiosis lab?
In your lab notebooks, write a hypothesis about what you think will occur in this experiment

48. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab demo

49. Objectives
To demonstrate the mitosis and meiosis Lab by showing the students exactly what they will be doing in the lab for the rest of the week

50. Virtual Lab!!

51. Warm up ( )
What is one thing that is really important to remember while doing the mitosis and meiosis lab?
What do you think, just by reading the procedure and the background information is something we, as practicing scientists, could do to assist with experimental design?

52. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab

53. Objectives
To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

54. Warm up ( )
As practicing scientists, what are some suggestions we can make to improve our personal experimental design to reduce the number of errors?
For example, think about our methods and procedures

55. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab

56. Objectives
To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

57. Warm up ( )
As practicing scientists, what are some suggestions we can make to improve our personal experimental design to reduce the number of errors?
For example, think about our methods and procedures

58. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab

59. Objectives
To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

60. Warm up ( )

61. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab

62. Objectives
To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

63. Warm up ( )

64. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab

65. Objectives
To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

66. Warm up ( )

67. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab

68. Objectives
To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

69. Warm up ( )

70. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab

71. Objectives
To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

72. Warm up ( )

73. Outline
Objectives
Mitosis and Meiosis lab

74. Objectives
To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.