1. 1 / Making Sense of Campus Shootings: Policies, Practices and Prevention James Alan Fox The Lipman Family Professor of Criminal Justice, and Professor of Law, Policy and Society June 25, 2008

2. 2 / April 16, 2007

3. 3 / The Death Toll Rises…

4. 4 / “The Deadliest”

5. 5 / An Undeserved Stage… and the contagion effect

6. 6 / Identify with Victims or Perpetrator?

7. 7 / Some Facts from Fox…

8. 8 / Far from the Greatest Peril On average, 10 college students are murdered annually on campus 1,000 college students commit suicide annually Thousands more deaths annually due to substance abuse

9. 9 / Safety First? “Is your campus safe?” Newsweek, August 20-27 2007 Parents ask about “lockdown” A new college selection criterion

10. 10 / “Campus Lockdown”: The latest catch-phrase From correctional nomenclature Very few episodes include multiple locations Timeliness

11. 11 / A New Instructional DVD for Students…

12. 12 / Special Back to School Apparel

13. 13 / Active Shooter & Lockdown Drills ECSU’s blunder in its “active shooter” exercise Training is fine, but do not involve the students

14. 14 / Lesson from the Airlines We can learn from airline passenger preparedness

15. 15 / The “Few Bad Apples” Theory

16. 16 / Profiling is Problematic No clear-cut profile Predicting rare events is virtually impossible False positives Only hindsight is 20/20 Cast a wide net Many are obvious—and then may be too late May intensify feelings of persecution Problem may be structural or situational

17. 17 / Mental Health Services Increase in counseling staff and budgets over past year Student-to-counselor ratio still falls short Ratio of Campus Mental Heath Counselors to FTE Students 2007 average 1969-to-1 Recommend level 1500-to-1

18. 18 / Student Centeredness Student centeredness is more than just words The caring need not wait until a tragedy occurs Training faculty and staff to handle difficult people and situations

19. 19 / DateSchoolShooter, AgeRole at School November 1, 1991University of IowaGang Lu, 28Graduate student December 14, 1992Simon’s Rock CollegeWayne Lo, 18Undergraduate student January 26, 1995University of North CarolinaWendell Williamson, 26Former law student August 15, 1996San Diego State UniversityFrederick Davidson, 36Graduate student June 28, 2000University of WashingtonJan Chen, 42Medical student August 28, 2000University of ArkansasJames Easton Kelly, 36Former graduate student May 17, 2001Pacific Lutheran UniversityDonald Cowan, 55None January 16, 2002Appalachian School of LawPeter Odighizuwa, 42Former law student October 28, 2002University of ArizonaRobert Flores, 40Graduate student September 2, 2006Shepherd UniversityDouglas Pennington, 49Parent of students April 16, 2007Virginia TechSeung-Hui Cho, 23Undergraduate student February 8, 2008Louisiana TechLatina Williams, 23Undergraduate student February 14, 2008Northern Illinois UniversitySteven Kazmierczak, 27Former graduate student Who are the Rampage Shooters?

20. 20 / The Broad View Increased emphasis on student centeredness and on upgrading counseling and support services may not eliminate the already low likelihood of a campus shooting. Regardless, it will go a long way to enhance the well-being of thousands of students. Many of these strategies are the right thing to do, even though sometime done for wrong reason. The only option for students seeking a 100% guarantee for eliminating any risk of being victimized by a campus shooting….

21. 21 / A Risk-Free Education

22. 22 / Thank You!