1. The Cold War at Home

2. Government loyalty checks 1946: President Truman order investigation of government workers 1946: President Truman order investigation of government workers 1947-1951: 3 million investigated as security risks by FBI 1947-1951: 3 million investigated as security risks by FBI Smith Act: Prohibited advocating or teaching the violent overthrow of the U.S. government Smith Act: Prohibited advocating or teaching the violent overthrow of the U.S. government

3. House Un-American Activities Committee (late 1940’s) Held public hearings on “disloyalty” Held public hearings on “disloyalty” Some refused to testify about themselves or others Some refused to testify about themselves or others Watkins v. U.S. (1957): witness may refuse to testify if questions do not relate to lawmaking task Watkins v. U.S. (1957): witness may refuse to testify if questions do not relate to lawmaking task

4. Hiss Case: 1948 Alger Hiss, former State Department member, accused of being a communist by Whitaker Chambers, an editor and former Communist Alger Hiss, former State Department member, accused of being a communist by Whitaker Chambers, an editor and former Communist Hiss accused of lying about spying Hiss accused of lying about spying Hiss convicted of perjury, sentenced to five years – served 44 months Hiss convicted of perjury, sentenced to five years – served 44 months

5. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: 1950 Accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union Accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union Executed, 1953, despite little evidence against them Executed, 1953, despite little evidence against them

6. Robert Oppenheimer Worked on Manhattan project Worked on Manhattan project Spoke out against the H-bomb Spoke out against the H-bomb Government revokes security clearance Government revokes security clearance

7. McCarthyism: 1950-1953 (Korean War years) Joseph McCarthy – senator from Wisconsin Joseph McCarthy – senator from Wisconsin Held committee hearings in the Senate on the influence of Communism in government Held committee hearings in the Senate on the influence of Communism in government Prominent citizens called to testify about their sympathies and the sympathies of others Prominent citizens called to testify about their sympathies and the sympathies of others Writer, actors, filmmakers, professors, entertainers Writer, actors, filmmakers, professors, entertainers

8. McCarthyism: 1950-1953 (Korean War years) Many falsely accused; some refused to testify and faced contempt charges Many falsely accused; some refused to testify and faced contempt charges The “blacklist:” many were fired or not hired because of testimony The “blacklist:” many were fired or not hired because of testimony Public turned against McCarthy in 1954 as hearings televised Public turned against McCarthy in 1954 as hearings televised

9. President Eisenhower (1953-1961) The “Domino Theory” The “Domino Theory” Secretary of State John Foster Dulles Secretary of State John Foster Dulles Once one country became communist, others would follow Once one country became communist, others would follow Strategy: do not allow any foreign nation to “fall” to the communists Strategy: do not allow any foreign nation to “fall” to the communists

10. Southeast Asian Treaty Organization Britain, France, U.S., New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, Philipines Britain, France, U.S., New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, Philipines 1954-1977 1954-1977

11. SEATO Countries

12. Eisenhower Doctrine (1957-1958) Middle Eastern countries come under Soviet influence Middle Eastern countries come under Soviet influence US would send troops to make sure that governments did not fall to Communists in civil war US would send troops to make sure that governments did not fall to Communists in civil war US sends troops to Lebanon, 1958 US sends troops to Lebanon, 1958

13. Kennedy (1961-1963) Space Race: the “New Frontier” Space Race: the “New Frontier” Peace Corps - volunteerism Peace Corps - volunteerism CUBA: CUBA: 1959 – Fidel Castro defeats government 1959 – Fidel Castro defeats government Soviet Union aids new nation Soviet Union aids new nation Castro leads country towards communism Castro leads country towards communism Exiles and refugees agitate for counterrevolution in the US Exiles and refugees agitate for counterrevolution in the US

14. The Bay of Pigs 1961 Invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles Invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles CIA plans and supports CIA plans and supports American military does not support American military does not support Invasion fails; embarassing episode for Kennedy Invasion fails; embarassing episode for Kennedy

15. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Spy planes detect Soviet missiles on Soviet territory Spy planes detect Soviet missiles on Soviet territory Should Kennedy strike first? Should Kennedy strike first? Soviet ships on their way to Cuba Soviet ships on their way to Cuba US Navy blockades island; Soviets turn back US Navy blockades island; Soviets turn back Khrushchev agrees to take missiles back to USSR Khrushchev agrees to take missiles back to USSR

18. Berlin Wall - 1961 1950’s: mass emigration out of East Germany 1950’s: mass emigration out of East Germany East German government constructs a wire fence, and later a concrete wall, to prevent citizens from “escaping”to West Germany through Berlin East German government constructs a wire fence, and later a concrete wall, to prevent citizens from “escaping”to West Germany through Berlin Berlin Wall symbolized East German oppression for 28 years Berlin Wall symbolized East German oppression for 28 years