2. Light The Facts of Light – Notes Light Intro

3. Shadows

4. Shadow A book of height 20 cm is held 50 cm from the light and the wall is at a distance of 125 cm to the light. Find the size of the shadow. d s =

5. What is Light? ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. http://hawkins.pair.com/radiation/ewaves.gif Electromagnetic Waves Copywrited by Holt, Rinehart, & Winston

6. Light is Produced when: An electric charge is accelerated Molecules, atoms or atomic nuclei make transitions to lower energy states. Cutnell & Johnson, Wiley Publishing, Physics 5 th Ed.

7. Electromagnetic Spectrum What are other types of electromagnetic waves? Cutnell & Johnson, Wiley Publishing, Physics 5 th Ed. Spectrum

8. Speed of Light Light travels at 3.00 x 10 8 m/s in a vacuum. Call this “c” – for constant speed. What can cause the speed of light to change? Passing through a transparent (clear) medium. http://www.art.com/products/p12817857730/product.htm?RFID=217825&ProductTarget=40470995847&gclid=COnGmZyvkrkCFbE7MgodgAoAzg

9. ROY G. BIV EM Spectruml ( m) Visible Light400-700 nm Red674 nm Orange616 nm Yellow580 nm Green556 nm Blue458 nm Indigo410 nm Violet400 nm nanometer (nm) = 1.0 x 10 -9 m http://www.ems.psu.edu/Courses/earth002/03012D.gif Cutnell & Johnson, Wiley Publishing, Physics 5 th Ed.

10. Transparent Transparent materials transmit light – allowing it to pass through undistorted. Notice that glass blocks both infrared and ultraviolet light, but is transparent to all the frequencies of visible light!

11. Visible Light Translucent materials transmit light – but distort it, which means objects can’t be seen clearly. Opaque materials do not transmit light. They either reflect or absorb the light. http://www.npl.co.uk/publications/news/opticalrm/issue16/translucent_materials_image04.jpg http://sprout.site.ne.jp/photo/archives/images/karasuma.jpg Light & Materials

12. Principle of Least Time Light travels in straight lines. Among all possible paths for light to go from one point to another, light will take the path that requires the shortest time. This idea is the basis for Laws of Reflection http://jeremy.lwidof.net/downloads/beam-3.jpg

13. Light Behavior What happens when light strikes a new surface (medium)? 1. Bounce off of the new medium - REFLECTION 2. Go through the new medium and bend as it changes speed - REFRACTION 3.Be ABSORBED and changed into heat http://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/ScIT/InformationTransfer/reflrefr/rr_content/images/refllaw.gif http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/oeal/corr/10_Brechung2b.gif http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/files/OGL98151.gif

14. Light bounces off Homer Light enters the eye of an observer Light is produced by a luminous object How Can We See Homer?

15. If light bounces off Homer in only one direction… …Homer can only be seen from one direction This observer can see Homer This observer receives no light from Homer so cannot see him Why Can We See Homer in All Directions?

16. When light hits a rough surface, it is scattered in many directions, so… … objects can be seen from many directions. Light Scattering

17. Sealed box with non-reflective coating inside (preferably black) Very small hole (pin hole!) Translucent screen (e.g. tracing paper) When the camera is pointed towards a bright object, an image of the object appears on the screen What is a Pinhole Camera?

18. How does a pinhole camera work? Every point on Homer’s head will scatter light in many directions, however… … only one ray of light from each point on Homer’s head is travelling in precisely the right direction to pass through the pinhole

19. Also… … only one ray from each point on Homer’s foot will be travelling in precisely the right direction to enter the pinhole Light is scattered as it passes through the translucent screen, so… Pinhole Camera

20. Image is inverted … we see an image on the screen Light scattered by screen Object Pinhole Camera

21. Ray diagrams show the path of rays of light from an object. They can be tricky to draw, so the best thing is to… CHEAT!!! Drawing Ray Diagrams for Pinhole Cameras

22. … so that the rays cross in the pinhole Step 1: Draw your object Step 3: Draw in rays from top and bottom of your object Step 4: Draw in rest of pinhole camera … Step 2: Draw your inverted image and your translucent screen Pinhole Camera

23. 4. Light always reflects off an object at the same point that it hits the object. 5. When using a diagram to explain how somebody sees something – show the ray of light entering the eye 2. Always use an arrow head to show which direction the rays of light are travelling in 1. Always use a ruler – light travels in straight lines 3. Rays of light should touch the objects that they are reflecting off. Rules for Drawing Ray Diagrams

24. Pinhole Camera

26. Similar Triangles

27. Pinhole Camera Using your pinhole camera, measure the height of an apartment building that is 320 m away.

28. Ray An arrow drawn on a diagram to show the direction of propagation of a set of waves A ray is always at 90° to the wavefront. wavefront ray

29. Refraction Change in direction of a wave When waves travel across a boundary between two different media (substances), their speed changes. The change in speed can result in a change in direction of propagation of the waves. Refraction http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/stage6/phys/communicates/Student_section/student_physics/physics_pics/animated_refraction2.gif

30. Skateboarding on Grass Think about a skateboard example: If a skateboard is rolling from pavement to this triangular plot of grass, show its path both into and out of the grass. If the grass plot were a piece of glass, and the skateboard path were a ray of light, the light would bend the same way due to refraction. Notice that the light bends toward the base of the triangle.

31. Ray Tracing Show how a ray of light will bend as it passes through each piece of glass below : (To simplify, the incident ray is drawn straight to the center of the glass. Bend the ray at that point and draw a straight line out of the glass.)

32. Lens If a piece of glass has just the right shape, it can bend parallel light rays so that they all cross – or appear to have crossed – at a single point – focal point Such a piece of glass is called a lens. http://ebiomedia.com/gall/eyes/images/lensRefractBlack300.gif

33. Lens A lens is simply a combination of pieces of glass. The combination at the left is thicker in the middle and converges the light (convex lens). The arrangement at the right is thinner in the middle than at the edges; it diverges light (concave lens).

34. Convex Lens Convex lens – is a converging lens as it bends the light inward to a real focal point (F). –focal point can be seen –true if lens is properly shaped Copywrited by Holt, Rinehart, & Winston

35. Concave Lens Concave lens – is a diverging lens as it spreads the light outward away from a virtual focal point (F’). –Focal point cannot be seen, but can be found by projecting the rays back toward the light source (use dashed lines) Copywrited by Holt, Rinehart, & Winston

36. Focal Length The focal length (f) is the distance from the center of the lens to the focal point (F). –measured to real focal point then the focal length is positive –measured to virtual focal point then the focal length is negative

37. Lens Power The greater the curvature of the lens the greater the power of the lens – more refraction or bending of light. Greater the power, the shorter the focal length.

38. Reflection occurs when the new medium is too different from the original medium for the light ray to pass through is the process of returning re- emitted light into the medium from which it came.

39. 1st Law of Reflection: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Both of these angles are measured from a normal (which means perpendicular) to the surface at the point of incidence. http://www.museumonline.at/1997/schulen/bg10/physik/refr14.gif