1. Compare the map of (p. 22) with the map of the (p. 28). What geographic similarities do the two civilizations share? In your W.N. …

2. RiversNile Tigris & Euphrates Bordered with Seas Red Sea & Mediterranean Persian Gulf & Mediterranean Bordered with Deserts Arabian, Sahara, Libyan Syrian Desert

3. How do you think the geography impacted the development of civilizations in the Fertile Crescent? RiversNile Tigris & Euphrates Bordered with Seas Red Sea & Mediterranean Persian Gulf & Mediterranean Bordered with Deserts Arabian, Sahara, Libyan Syrian Desert Rivers – Good Farming Natural Protection – Advancements Bordering Deserts – Jealous Neighbors… frequent Invasion

4. Achievements Based on what you know about early civilizations & geography, what kinds of achievements they would have made? S umerian

5. Farming Used Metal Building – arch – able to build domes – ziggurats – temple, built in layers Writing Achievements S umerian

6. Sumerian writing made on clay tablets with wedge-shaped “stylus”

7. Analyzing the Empires of the Fertile Crescent Make a Chart listing the Pros and Cons of each Empire. Under the “Pro” column, list the strengths that helped continue the empire. Under the “Con”, list the weaknesses that led to the Empire’s defeat. Pros Cons Akkadians Babylonians Hittites Assyrians Chaldeans Persians

8. Pros Cons Akkadians Babylonians Hittites Assyrians Chaldeans Persians Powerful King - Sargon Invaders Hammurabi Power of Priests Strong Warriors, good laws Too far from home CavalryCivil War Nebuchadnezzar Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes Weak Successors

9. Akkadians Babylonians Hittites Achievements of the Empires of the Fertile Crescent Assyrians Chaldeans Persians Hold on to your outlines, In the mean time, fill in this chart in your W.N. Let’s Play…

10. Akkadian Achievements of the Empires of the Fertile Crescent Empire E m p i r e e x t e n d e d t o t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n Spoke Semitic Language (similar to modern Hebrew/Arabic) Defeated Sumerians

11. Achievements of the Empires of the Fertile Crescent Babylonian Empire Code of Hammurabi Established great city of Babylon

12. Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi (also known as “Amraphel” in the Bible: Genesis 14) 4000 lines of text, 282 laws Harsh laws; “eye for eye, tooth for tooth” “If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death.” If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self- same fire. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death.

13. Achievements of the Empires of the Fertile Crescent The Hittites First to use Iron Weapons Simplified, Improved Babylonian Law (less brutal)… relied on “fines”

14. Achievements of the Empires of the Fertile Crescent Assyrian Empire First to use Cavalry Brutal War Methods - Destroyed Babylon Established Great City of Ninevah

15. Achievements of the Empires of the Fertile Crescent Chaldean Empire Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon… canals, bridges, Hanging Gardens Skilled Astronomers

16. Achievements of the Empires of the Fertile Crescent Persian Empire Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes Expanded Kingdom Administered Taxes Governed Fairly (let conquered people keep their culture) Charter of Nations

17. Charter of the Rights of Nations Inscribed on a clay cylinder in cuneiform discovered in 1879 now in The British Museum, London.... I am Cyrus. King of the world. When I entered Babylon... I did not allow anyone to terrorise the land... I kept in view the needs of people and all its sanctuaries to promote their well-being... I put an end to their misfortune. The Great God has delivered all the lands into my hand; the lands that I have made to dwell in a peaceful habitation... Persian Empire