2. Relative clauses Relative pronouns / adverbs Leaving out the pronoun Defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses

3. Relative pronouns / adverbs The clinic where she was treated is very good. WherePlace 1999 was the year when she suffered from anorexia WhenTime That’s the girl whose mother suffers from obesity. whosePossession This is the food pyramid which / that is a guide to healthy eating. Which /thatThings / objects A nutritionist is a person who / that has a special knowledge about foods and how they affect health, growth and disease. The boy whom we saw running on the beach is a famous athlete. Who / that (subject) Whom (object) People

4. Leaving out the pronoun Sometimes who (whom) / that / which is the object of the verb. For example: The boy who (whom) we saw running on the beach is a famous athlete. The vegetarian dish which / that I told you about is very healthy. The food pyramid which / that we study in class is a guide to healthy eating. When who (whom) / that / which is the object, you can leave it out. So you can say: The boy we saw running on the beach is a famous athlete. The vegetarian dish I told you about is very healthy. The food pyramid we study in class is a guide to healthy eating.

5. Defining and non-defining relative clauses A DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE gives necessary information and is essential to the meaning of the main sentence, because it identifies the object, person, possession, time or place referred to. The article which is causing a lot of discussion is about healthy habits. Most relative clauses are defining. We use them both in speech and writing. 1. The clause is not put in commas. 2. In defining clauses we can use who, whom, whose, which, that, when or where. 3. That can replace who or which 4. Who, (whom), which and that can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause. A NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence. Sara’s article, which is causing a lot of discussion, is about healthy habits. These clauses can be rather formal. We use them mainly in writing, 1. The clause is put in commas. 2. In non-defining clauses we can use who, whom, whose, which, when or where but not that. 3. That cannot replace who or which. 4. The pronoun cannot be omitted.

6. Select the relative clause Young people who do sports are usually healthy Young peoplewho do sportsare usually healthy

7. Defining (D) or non-defining (ND)? Young people who do sports are usually healthy DND

8. correct

9. wrong

10. Mike, who has got a broken leg, is my friend. D ND

11. The girl who has got a broken leg is my friend. DND

12. The sport which my mother loves is jogging. D ND