1. MICROPROGRAMMED CONTROL CH 17 Team # 2 Members: Wilmer Saint-Hilaire Alberto Mollinedo Vinicius Schuina Luis Perez

2. Microinstructions Microprogramming Microinstruction Microprogram (Firmware)

3. Horizontal Microinstruction All the control unit does is generate a set of control signals Each control signal is on or off Represent each control signal by a bit Have a control word for each micro-operation Have a sequence of control words for each machine code instruction Add an address to specify the next micro-instruction, depending on conditions

4. Control Unit Instruction Cycle The set of microinstructions is stored in the Control Memory Instruction Execution 1.Sequence logic unit issues a read command to the control memory. 2.The word whose address is specified in the control address register is read into the buffer control register. 3.Control buffer generates control signals, and sends the next address information to the sequencing logic unit. 4.Seq. logic unit load the new address into the control address register.

5. Vertical Microinstruction In vertical microinstruction code is used for every action to be performed, such as: {MAR to PC}, and the decoder translates this code into individual code signals.

6. Advantages / Disadvantages The use of microprogramming simplifies the design to implement a control unit. Cheaper and less error prone to implement. Somewhat slower than a hardwire unit of comparable technology.

7. Questions Where does the Control Unit get the address for the next microinstruction? Where is the next microinstruction stored?

8. Typical Microinstruction Formats VS

9. Horizontal Microinstruction or Control word There is one bit for each internal processor line and one bit for each bus control line There is a condition field indicating the condition under which there should be a branch There is a field with the address of the microinstruction to be executed when a branch is take VS

10. Interpretation of the horizontal microinstruction 1- To execute this microinstruction, turn on all control lines indicated by 1 bit, and leave off all control lines indicated by 0 bit. This will cause the microinstruction to be performed. 2- if the condition indicated by the condition bit is false, execute the next microinstruction. 3- if the condition indicated by the condition bit is true, the next microinstruction address to be executed is indicated in the address filed. VS

11. Organization of Control Memory Define and specify the sequencing of micro- operation to be performed during each cycle and it’s a way of implementing the control unit. VS

12. Control Unit What is a micro programmed control unit ? It’s a CU with control memory that contains a program that describes the behaviour of the control unit. It’s can be implemented by simply executing the program VS

13. Control Unit Function 1 - Sequence login unit issues read command to the control memory 2 - Word specified in control address register is read into control buffer register 3 - Control buffer register contents generates control signals and next address information 4 - Sequence logic unit loads new address into control buffer register based on next address information from control adderss register and ALU flags. All this happens in one clock pulse VS

14. Next Address Decision Depending on ALU flags and control buffer register – Get next instruction Add 1 to control address register – Jump to new routine based on jump microinstruction Load address field of control buffer register into control address register – Jump to machine instruction routine Load control address register based on opcode in IR VS

15. Functioning of Microprogrammed Control Unit VS

16. Questions ? Q1 -What is the purpose of the control memory? A1 – The control memory is a internal memory of a programmable control unit that contains a program that describes the behavior of the control unit. The control unit can be implemented by simplify executing the this program.

17. Wilkes Control 1951 Matrix partially filled with diodes During cycle, one row activated – Generates signals where diode present – First part of row generates control – Second generates address for next cycle

18. Wilkes's Microprogrammed Control Unit

20. Advantages and Disadvantages of Microprogramming Advantages Simplifies design of control unit Emulation Easy to debug and maintain New Features can be added easily Disadvantage Slower

21. Tasks Done By Microprogrammed Control Unit Microinstruction sequencing Microinstruction execution Must consider both together

22. Design Considerations Size of microinstructions Address generation time – as fast as possible The Address of the next microinstruction to be executed is one of these categories: – Determined by instruction register Once per cycle, after instruction is fetched – Next sequential address Common in most designed – Branches Both conditional and unconditional

23. Sequencing Techniques Based on current microinstruction, condition flags, contents of IR, control memory address must be generated Three general categories for a control memory address are as follows: – Two address fields – Single address field – Variable format

24. Branch Control Logic: Two Address Fields

25. Branch Control Logic: Single Address Field

26. Branch Control Logic: Variable Format

27. >THE MICROINSTRUCTION CYCLE IS THE BASIC EVENT OF THE CONTROL UNIT >EACH CYCLE IS MADE UP OF 2 PARTS: FETCH & EXECUTE >THE PURPOSE OF THE EXECUTE CYCLE IS TO GENERATE CONTROLSIGNALS >SOME CONTROL SIGNALS ARE INTERNAL TO THE CPU, OTHERS ARE EXTERNAL (BUS, I/O, DEVICE)

28. >THERE ARE 4 WAYS TO CLASSIFY MICROINSTRUCTIONS VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL PACKED/UNPACKED HARD/soft MICROPROGRAMING DIRECT/INDIRECT ENCODING

29. >CONTROL UNIT ORGANIZATION

30. WILK51 >EACH BIT OF A MICROINSTRUCTION IS USED TO PRODUCE A CONTROL SIGNAL >VERY DIFICULT TO PROGAM AS PURELY DECODED SCHEME >VERY SLOW AND COMPLEXCONTROL LOGIC MODULE >SOME COMBINATIONS WHICH ARE PHYSICAL ALOWED CANNOT BE ENCODED

31. >2 WAYS TO ENCODE DIRECT INDIRECT >DIRECT ENCODING

32. >INDIRECT ENCODING

33. >TWO APPROACHES FUNCTIONAL ENCODING RESOURCE ENCODING