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Characteristics of Living Things
Need food/require energy Made of cells Respond to their environment Adapt to their environment Cells and Heredity Cell Theory All living things are made of cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function All cells come from preexisting cells
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Cellular Classification
Unicellular Organisms __________ celled Bacteria, archaea, some protists (euglena, paramecium, amoeba) Multicellular Organisms ____________________ Plants, animals, fungi, some protists
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Cells Eukaryote Prokaryote Plant Animal Protists Nucleus present
Bacteria Archaea Nucleus present Membrane bound organelles Linear DNA Single or multi-celled NO Nucleus NO Membrane bound organelles Circular DNA Single celled Fungi
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Classify as single or multi-celled, prokaryotic or eukaryotic, & kingdom
Human Cat Bacteria Oak Tree Gold Fish Euglena Mushroom Fly Snake Paramecium Daffodil Cyanobacteria Virus Kelp
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Homeostasis Maintaining a ______________________ environment inside of an organism Examples:
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Cellular Transport Into the cell Out of the cell
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Methods of Transport Active Transport Passive transport
Requires _________________ uses transport protein Passive transport Does ______ require energy Moves from ________ to _____ concentration Wants to reach equilibrium
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Passive Transport Diffusion= movement of ______________ Osmosis
Movement of ______ from area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration (from hypotonic to hypertonic) Hypotonic = lower solute concentration Hypertonic = higher solute concentration Facilitated Diffusion
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Osmosis Movement of ______________
Water makes up about 70% of the cell and is required for transport of food, nutrients, and waste throughout the body. Water moves from a _________________solution to a ______________ solution. Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration Hypertonic Solution: Greater solute concentration Isotonic Solution: equal solute concentration
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Animal Cells need to be surrounded by an ___________ solution
Animal cells in a hypotonic solution gain water and will swell and burst Animal cells in a hypertonic solution lose water and will shrivel Plant Cells need to be surrounded by a ___________solution. Plant cells in an isotonic solution become flaccid Plant cells in a hypertonic solution lose water undergo plasmolysis
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Endocytosis Exocytosis ___________________
A cell takes in macromolecules or other substances when regions of the plasma membrane surround the substance, pinch off, and form a vesicle within the cell. Exocytosis A cell secretes macromolecules –waste, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.
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Practice: An animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution; what will happen to the cell? A plant cell contains a solute concentration of 0.5M; in what direction will water move if the cell is placed in a 0.2M solution? What term best describes the process by which a drop of food coloring over time spreads out uniformly through a beaker of water? 4. In the diagram to the right, what will be the direction of net water movement across the semi-permeable membrane? 7.5M NaCl 5.7M NaCl
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Cell Division Mitosis _______________________ ____________ cells
Daughter cells: _____________________________
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____________________________
Chromatin coiled to form discrete chromosomes Nucleoli disappear Form mitotic spindle, lengthen microtubules Nuclear membrane breaks down Microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochore
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___________________ Chromosomes lined up at middle of cell
Microtubules shorten Chromatids _____________ pulled toward opposite sides of the cell Daughter nuclei form at either side Chromatin becomes less tightly coiled Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) occurs during telophase.
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Meiosis ______________ reproduction Form ______________________
Daughter cells __________produced (two nuclear divisions) ________________ (cuts the number of chromosomes in half) Different from parent and unique from each other
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Mitosis Meiosis 2 identical daughter cells 4 identical daughter cells Chromosomes number halved Chromosomes number maintained 2 rounds of division One round of division Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Genetic variation more likely Daughter cells identical to parent Daughter cells not identical to parent Duplication of chromosomes occurs Growth & maintenance Produces gametes
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New Handout
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Energy Transformation
Law of Conservation of Matter: During an ordinary chemical change, there is no detectable change in the _________ of matter Law of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be _________ or _________, but can change in form Macromolecules: composed of __________ and are the building blocks of all living things. amount destroyed created carbon
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Organic Macromolecules
Disaccharide polypeptide DNA/RNA support energy energy genetic Rice, bread, potatoes Meat, cheese, beans Butter, oil Meat, fruit, vegetables
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Flow of Energy Through an Ecosystem
Autotrophs or Producers Obtain energy from the _________ and nutrients from the _____ _______ make their own food through the process of ____________ Heterotrophs or Consumers Obtains energy through _____________ Herbivore: eats only______________ Carnivore: eats only ______________ Omnivore: eats _________________ Primary consumer:_________________________ Secondary consumer:________________________ sun soil plants photosynthesis eating plants animals both Eats producers Eats primary consumer
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Decomposer breakdown inorganic soil bacteria fungi
______________ dead & decaying matter to ____________ nutrients back to the _______ _________________ & ______________ Why are decomposers necessary in an ecosystem?_______________________________________________________________ breakdown inorganic soil bacteria fungi Return nutrients back to soil for producers to use and start cycle over
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Ecology Matter and energy change forms by means of food chains and food webs (a series of interconnected food chains). Producers come first in a food chain. Producers are also called __autotrophs___ and include plants and other organisms that make their own food (usually through a process known as __photosynthesis_______________). Consumers (or _heterotrophs__) are shown in the order in which they consume their food or prey. Consumers can obtain their food through __predation___ or __scavenging___. Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organisms and allow nutrients to be recycled. They come last in a food chain. Example of a food chain:
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linear producers decomposers Food chain Show flow of energy
_____________ pathway of energy transport through an ecosystem _____________ come first ________________ come last Arrows ____________________ linear producers decomposers Show flow of energy (not who eats who!)
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Food Webs Network/web producers decomposers
A _____________ of food chains ____________ are at the beginning ____________ are at the end Arrows ___________________ producers decomposers Show flow of energy (not who eats who!)
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Ecology Ecology is the study of the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment. Levels of ecological organization: The environment is made up of living components (_biotic_ factors) and nonliving components (__abiotic__ factors) Organisms that live closely with other organisms are in a symbiotic relationship. Mutualism a. one organism benefits while the other is harmed Commensalism b. both organisms benefit Parasitism c. one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed
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Living Together Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Both benefit
Ants & aphids Commensalism One benefits other is neither harmed nor helped Birds & bison Parasitism One benefits other is harmed Fungus on trees
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All living and nonliving things in a given area Community
Ecosystem All living and nonliving things in a given area Community All living organisms that inhabit a given area. A group of populations Population A group of individuals belonging to the same species that live together in the same area Competition Two or more organisms require the same resource that is in limited supply. Food, shelter, light, water, mates The strongest organism will win the competition and will be more likely to live and pass its genes on to the next generation (natural selection).
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Habitat Place or environment in which populations live Niche Role of a species in an ecosystem Relationships, activities, resources used Succession The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time Primary succession occurs on a surface where no soil exists. Example: bare rock, areas covered by volcanic ash Secondary succession occurs in an area where a disturbances changes an existing community without destroying the soil. Example: plowed land, area burned by wildfire
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Biomes
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Cycles of Matter Carbon Cycle
Carbon is the key ingredient in all living organisms Processes involved: biological (example: photosynthesis), geochemical (example: release of CO2 by volcanoes), human activity (example: burning of fossil fuels)
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Nitrogen Cycle All organisms require nitrogen to build proteins Forms of nitrogen: N2 in atmosphere; NH3, NO3-, NO2- in wastes; nitrate from fertilizers Some bacteria convert N2 into NH3 during nitrogen fixation. Some bacteria convert nitrates into N2 during denitrification.
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Water Cycle All organisms require water to survive. Processes: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, seepage, runoff
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Genetics Dominant Allele = fully expressed
Recessive Allele = only shows if dominant allele is absent Homozygous = having 2 same allele Heterozygous = having two different alleles Phenotype = physical and physiological traits; what is expressed; what you see Y = yellow; y = green Genotype Description Phenotype YY Yy yy
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A chicken and a rooster mate
A chicken and a rooster mate. The chicken has white feathers and the rooster has brown feathers. Brown is dominant, and white is recessive. Assuming the rooster is heterozygous, predict the frequency of each genotype and phenotype in their offspring.
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