1. Investigating Adaptive Compilation using the MIPSpro Compiler Keith D. Cooper Todd Waterman Department of Computer Science Rice University Houston, TX USA

2. 2 Motivation Despite astonishing increases in processor performance certain applications still require a heroic compiler effort  Scientific applications: weather, earthquake, and nuclear physics simulations High quality compilation is difficult  The solutions to many problems are NP-complete  Many decisions that impact performance must be made  The correct choice can depend on the target machine, source program, and input data  Exhaustively determining the correct choices is impractical Typical compilers use a single preset sequence of decisions How do we determine the correct sequence for each context?

3. 3 Adaptive Compilation An adaptive compiler experimentally explores the decision space  Uses a process of feedback-driven iterative refinement  Program is compiled repeatedly with a different sequence of optimization decisions  Performance is evaluated using either execution or estimation  Performance results are used to determine future sequences  Sequence of compiler decisions is customized to always provide a high level of performance  Compiler easily accounts for different input programs, target machines and input data Can current compilers be used for adaptive compilation?

4. 4 Experimental Setup Searched for certain properties in a compiler  Produces high quality executables  Performs high-level optimizations  Command-line flags that control optimization Selected the MIPSpro compiler  Initial experiments showed that changing blocking sizes could improve running times Loop Blocking  A memory hierarchy transformation that reorders array accesses to improve spatial and temporal locality  Major impact on array based codes  Includes DGEMM -- a general matrix multiply routine  Allows comparison with ATLAS

5. 5 ATLAS Automatically tuned linear algebra software Goal is to achieve hand-coded performance for linear algebra kernels without a programmer modifying the code for each processor  Kernel is modified and parameterized once by a programmer  When ATLAS is installed on a machine experiments are run to determine the proper parameters for the kernel Saves human time at the expense of additional machine time Adaptive compilation aims to take this tradeoff one step further

6. 6 Adjusting Blocking Size Compare three versions of DGEMM  Compiled with MIPSpro and varying specified block sizes  Built by ATLAS  Compiled with MIPSpro using built-in blocking heuristic Test machine: SGI MIPS R10000  195 MHz processor  256 MB memory  32 KB L1 data cache  1 MB unified L2 cache

7. 7 DGEMM running time for 500 x 500 arrays

8. 8 DGEMM running time for 1000 x 1000 arrays

9. 9 DGEMM running time for 1500 x 1500 arrays

10. 10 DGEMM running times for square matrices

11. 11 Relative DGEMM running times

12. 12 L1 Cache Misses for DGEMM

13. 13 L2 Cache Misses for DGEMM

14. 14 Adjusting Blocking Size The performance of MIPSpro using the built-in blocking heuristic drops off substantially when the array size reaches 900 x 900  Far more L1 cache misses  Fewer L2 cache misses  Heuristic uses a rectangular blocking size that increases as the total array size increases MIPSpro with adaptively chosen blocking sizes delivers performance close to ATLAS level  Remains close as array size increases  Fewer L1 and L2 cache misses than ATLAS Similar results were observed for non-square matrices as well

15. 15 Determining Blocking Size Exhaustively searching for blocking sizes is expensive Intelligent exploration of blocking sizes can find very good blocking sizes while only examining a few block sizes Our approach:  Determine the result for block size 50  Sample higher and lower block sizes in increments of ten until results are more than 10% from optimal  Examine all of the block sizes within five of the best found in the previous step This approach always found the best block size in our experiments Quicker approaches could be found at the expense of finding less ideal block sizes

16. 16 Search time required

17. 17 Making Adaptive Compilation General Making adaptive compilation general will require changing how compilers work Adaptive compilation is limited by the decisions the compiler exposes  If the MIPSpro compiler only allowed blocking to be turned on and off our experiments would not have been possible The interface between adaptive system and compiler needs to allow complex communication  Which transformations are applied  Granularity  Optimization scope  Detailed parameter settings

18. 18 Conclusions Adaptively selecting the appropriate blocking size for DGEMM provides performance close to ATLAS  The standard compiler’s performance drops off for larger array sizes  Only a small portion of possible block sizes needs to be examined Making adaptive compilation a successful technique for a wide variety of applications will require changes to the design of compilers

19. 19 Extra slides begin here.

20. 20 DGEMM running times for varying M

21. 21 DGEMM running times for varying N

22. 22 DGEMM running times for varying K