1. The Earth and Its Peoples
Cover Slide
The Earth and Its Peoples
3rd edition
Chapter 31
Striving for Independence: Africa, India, and Latin America,
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2. "The Right Path to Liberty"
In 1920 Mohandas "Mahatma" Gandhi ( ) launched a national campaign of nonviolent resistance to British rule in India. The result was nothing less than a revolution in Indian politics, and Gandhi made Congress into a mass political party with members from every ethnic group. This Indian National Congress poster--The Right Path to Liberty--draws upon Indian culture to build support for nationalism. All Indian communities are marching toward freedom, but Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru ( ), and others are in prison, and a bridge has collapsed. Yet the Hindu deity Krishna reassures anxious Mother India: with a little more sacrifice the journey will be complete. (British Library)
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3. Gandhi with spinning wheel
Mohandas "Mahatma" Gandhi ( ) believed that foreign cotton mills had impoverished the Indian people. He made a bonfire of imported factory-made cloth, decided to wear only handmade cloth, and began spending half an hour every day spinning yarn on a simple spinning wheel, which became the symbol of his movement. Any Indian who wished to come before him had to dress in handwoven cloth. (TimePix/Getty Images)
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4. Partition of India
Partition of India
As the independence of India from Britain approached, talks between Jawaharlal Nehru ( ), the leader of the Indian National Congress, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( ), leader of the Muslim League, broke down. The British made frantic proposals to keep India united, but by early 1947 the Indian National Congress had accepted the idea of a partition of India into two states, one secular but dominated by Hindus, the other Muslim. On August 15, British India gave way to a new India and Pakistan. Throughout the land, Muslim and Hindu neighbors turned on one another. Muslims fled from Hindu regions, and Hindus fled from Muslims. The American photographer Margaret Bourke-White photographed a long line of refugees, with their cows, carts, and belongings, trudging down a country road toward safety. (TimePix/Getty Images)
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5. Rivera, The Agitator
Rivera, The Agitator
Diego Rivera (Mexican, ) was politically committed to the Mexican Revolution and widely admired as an artist. This mural, The Agitator, painted at the National Agricultural School at Chapingo near Mexico City, shows a political agitator addressing peasants and workers. With one hand, the speaker points to miners laboring in a silver mine; with the other, to a hammer and sickle. (Universidad Autonoma de Chapingo)
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6. Zapata
Zapata
As early as 1911, Emiliano Zapata ( ), an Indian farmer, had led a peasant revolt against the haciendas in southern Mexico. For several years, Zapata and his band periodically came down from the mountains, burned hacienda buildings, and returned land to the Indian villages to which it had once belonged. Zapata enjoyed tremendous popular support but could never rise above his peasant origins and lead a national revolution. In this photo he stands in full revolutionary regalia: sword, rifles, bandoleers, boots, and sombrero. (Brown Brothers)
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7. Map: The Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution began in two distinct regions of the country. One was the mountainous and densely populated area south of Mexico City, particularly Morelos, homeland of Emiliano Zapata. The other was the dry and thinly populated ranch country of the north, such as Chihuahua, home of Pancho Villa. The fighting that ensued crisscrossed the country along the main railroad lines, shown on the map. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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8. Map: The Partition of India, 1947
Before the British, India was divided among many states, ethnic groups, and religions. When the British left in 1947, the subcontinent split along religious lines. The predominantly Muslim regions of Sind and Punjab in the northwest and East Bengal in the east formed the new nation of Pakistan. The predominantly Hindu center became the Republic of India. Jammu and Kashmir remained disputed territories and poisoned relations between the two new countries. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.