1. © Michael Lacewing Substance and Property Dualism Michael Lacewing enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk

2. Metaphysics of mind Substance: needs no other thing to exist Dualism: there are two sorts of substance, mind (or soul) and matter –Mental properties are properties of a mental substance Materialism: there is just one sort of thing, matter –Mental properties are properties of a material substance

3. Materialism and mental properties Substances can have different sorts of properties –Biological: swan –Colour: white –But both physical properties Property dualism: mental properties are not physical properties Hmm…

4. Descartes’ dualism The mind is a separate substance from the body. –What am I? I am a thing that thinks. I cannot doubt this, yet I can doubt whether I have a body. So I can be separated from a body. –The body has parts, the mind has no parts. So they are different kinds of thing.

5. Objections Descartes has not shown that he (the mind) is a substance. Just because Descartes can think of his mind existing without his body, this doesn’t mean that his mind really can exist without his body. Cp. I think the Masked Man robbed the bank; I don’t think my father robbed the bank; Therefore, my father isn’t the Masked Man. We can’t infer real possibility directly from what we can imagine.

6. Mental causation If the mind is just thought, not in space, and matter is just extension, in space, how could one possibly causally affect the other? All physical effects have a sufficient physical cause. Nothing physical happens needs a non-physical explanation. Mental causes would violate the laws of physics, e.g. law of conservation of energy.

7. Jackson’s knowledge argument Mary, a neuroscientist, has never seen colour, but knows all about colour perception Mary doesn’t know what it is like to see red - so, although Mary knows all the physical facts about seeing red, there is a fact (of consciousness) Mary doesn’t know Therefore, properties of consciousness are not physical properties

8. Reply Mary doesn’t learn a new fact, but a new way of thinking about an old fact. She now knows the fact of what happens in the brain through introspection. On concepts and properties: the same fact (the glass contains water) can be thought of in different ways (the glass contains H 2 O).

9. Zombies Zombie (in philosophy, not voodoo!): a physical replica of a person, but without consciousness A zombie has identical physical properties, but different mental properties - therefore mental properties aren’t physical properties Zombies may not be physically possible, but they are logically possible

10. Reply Zombies are not possible - that we can imagine them isn’t enough (see objection to Descartes) Imagine that water is not H 2 O - it seems we can, but in fact, this is impossible –There could be something just like water, but if it isn’t H 2 O, it isn’t water

11. Response The analogy doesn’t work –We make the mistake in the case of water, because we imagine something just like water –There is nothing ‘just like’ a zombie which isn’t a zombie Imagination is a good guide to possibility here - therefore zombies are possible, and property dualism is true