1. FRANZ BOAS 1858-1942 Boas en route to Baffin Island 1883 and Central Inuit; to study reflectivity of sea-water

2.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eS3wqv96 VcM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eS3wqv96 VcM

3.  Born on July 9, 1858 in Minden, Westphalia, Germany  Parents: Meier Boas & Sophie Meyer Boas  Married to Marie Krackowizer

4.  Studied geography & physics at Universities of Heidelberg, Bonn, and Kiel  Earned Bachelors degree at University of Heidelberg (1881)  Same year, earned Ph.D. from University of Kiel

5.  Expedition to Baffin Land, Canada in 1883-1884  Fieldwork among the Eskimo  Became interested in anthropology  Immigrated to United States in 1885

6.  Worked for journal Science  Editorial position  Fieldwork along North Pacific Coast of North America for several museums 1885-1896

7.  Project for World's Fair in Chicago 1892-1893  Brought Native American cultures to general public at the fair  Pioneered concept of life group displays  Dioramas

9.  Moved to New York in 1896  Became Assistant Curator of Ethnology & Somatology  American Museum of Natural History  Lectured at Columbia University  Professor of Anthropology,1899

10.  Best known for work with Kwakiutl Indians from Northern Vancouver & adjacent mainland of British Columbia, Canada  Established new concept of culture & race

11.  Everything was important to the study of culture  Collecting data on all facets of a culture was necessary to understand that culture

13. Bear Totem PoleWearing a Mask

14. CENTRAL ESKIMO (IGULIK) STUDY Inuit can perceive and name hundreds of colors and qualities of sea-water and surfaces unknown in European languages… Boas’ study: Earliest anthropological attempt to describe a non-European ‘ethno-science’ in phenomenological terms

15. Analyst seeks to understand phenomena by grasping how they make sense within the framework of the subject’s thought-world Hamats'a coming out of secret room," and "Kwakiutl Indian ceremony for expelling cannibals."

16. 1885: 1885: First expedition to Northwest Coast (Bella Coola) 1886: 1886: First collecting trip for American Museum of Natural History (New York City) to Nootka and Kwakiutl — massive documentation of Northwest Coast culture

17. Boas at American Museum, 1900 No storage rooms, natural lighting, cases, life groups the most demanding (time, materials, skill), attempted realism. Labels – “the ultimate limitation to the possibility of a museum anthropology”. Boas believed the exhibited artifact secondary to the monographic interpretation of a scientist

18. U.S. National Museum Life group, 1896 U.S. National Museum Typological, 1890

19.  Boas curator at the American Museum 1896-1905  Over 90% of visitors “do not want anything beyond entertainment”  Visitor groups - children, school teachers, researchers  Researchers justify large museums “for the advancement of science”

20.  Differences in peoples the result of:  Historical  Social  Geographic conditions  All populations have complete and equally developed culture

21.  Countered early evolutionist view of developed stages that each culture went through during development  The views of Franz Boas and those of his students changed American anthropology forever

22.  Each culture has a unique history  Should not assume universal laws govern how cultures operate

23. 1. Rejects general laws 1. Rejects general laws, ranking on a scale, concept of “progress” only different societies 2. No simple or complex societies, only different societies 3. The idea of “Unilineal evolution” based on speculation is ethnocentric 23

24. 6. Not Culture 6. Not Culture, but cultures 7. Culture 7. Culture, not race, determines behavior 8. Methodological rigor

25. Superorganic —The product of collective or group life; but the individual has an influence Unconscious — A filter through which reality is perceived, but which is not itself the object of attention Adaptive — Culture ultimately helps individuals adapt to their environment

26. //thesocietypages.org/socimages REPRESENTATION OF THE “PRIMITIVE” AMERICAN INDIAN

27. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LINGUISTICS ARCHAEOLOGY PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Four Field Approach

28. Generation of anthropologists Generation of anthropologists trained under Boas at Columbia University and established Boasian doctrines in North American universities:  Alfred A. Kroeber  Ruth Benedict  Margaret Mead  Robert Lowie  Edward Sapir  Paul Radin  Alexander A. Goldenweiser  Clark Wissler

29.  Cultural Relativism  Historical Particularism   “Race, language, and culture” as independent variables  Superorganic  Cultural Determinism  Data Collection “without” theory  Emphasis on Fieldwork  4-field approach FRANZ BOAS

30.  1937--Professor Emeritus of anthropology at Columbia UniversityColumbia University  Made anthropology into a distinguished and recognized science

31.  Author of many books, some of which are:  Growth of Children (1896 – 1904)  The Mind of Primitive Man, 1938  Primitive Art, 1927  Anthropology and Modern Life, 1938  Race, Language, and Culture, 1940  Dakota Grammar, 1941

32.  Boas, professor emeritus of anthropology at Columbia University, was entertaining Professor Paul Rivet and other colleagues at a luncheon in the Faculty Club. Claude Levi- Strauss  He collapsed into the arms of another well- known anthropologist, Claude Levi- Strauss, and died on December 21, 1942.