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ONE HEALTH CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES
Prof. Robinson Mdegela (SUA)
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ADVANCING ONE HEALTH APPROACH IN TANZANIA
Prof. Robinson H. Mdegela Sokoine University of Agriculture P. O. Box 3021 Morogoro Tanzania Tel: Fax: Web: 4/24/2017
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Background The time we live is characterized by an unprecedented increase in the emergence of new health threats in humans animals and in the environment Underlying this “new dynamic” of shared risk are five key “drivers” that converge at the “human-animal-ecosystem” interface Globalization Population growth Economic growth Food security Changing habitats
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DRIVERS FOR EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Main drivers Demography Modern transportation Climate and environmental changes Lack of efficient public health infrastructure
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INCREASED HUMAN-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS
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GEOGRAPHICAL HOTSPOTS FOR EMERGING PANDEMIC THREATS
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The “ecology” of disease emergence …
The “ecology” of disease emergence ….. at the “animal-human-ecosystem” interface” Animal Amplification Humans Wild Animals Domestic Animals CASES SPILL OVER SPILL OVER SPILL OVER TIME
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Current Model for Outbreak Detection and Response
Lab Confirmation Detection CASES First Case TIME
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One Health – takes public health as part of a larger “ecosystem”
Human Cases Wild Animal Domestic Animal Animal Amplification In order to prevent EPT CASES Wildlife Surveillance/ Forecasting Early Detection SPILL OVER Control Opportunity SPILL OVER SPILL OVER Human Amplification TIME
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One Health Model: Projected Impact
Human Cases Wild Animal Domestic Animal One Health Model: Projected Impact Animal Amplification CASES Wildlife Surveillance/ Forecasting Early Detection SPILL OVER Control Opportunity SPILL OVER Human Amplification SPILL OVER TIME
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One Health Model: Projected Impact
Human Cases Wild Animal Domestic Animal One Health Model: Projected Impact Animal Amplification CASES Wildlife Surveillance/ Forecasting Early Detection Control Opportunity SPILL OVER TIME
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Increased susceptibility to diseases Response Observable detrimental effects Disease outbreaks Reduced lifespan No observable detrimental effects increased exposure Homeostasis normal range (dose and time) Early warning signs Exposure responses The principle scheme of responses in organisms towards the detrimental effects caused by agent exposure
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GEOGRAPHICAL HOTSPOTS FOR EMERGING PANDEMIC THREATS
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ONE HEALTH CONCEPT What is One Health? Who promotes one health?
Why are you here?
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One Health An interdisciplinary strategy to address health from an integrated perspective rather than a discipline-based fragmented perspective Is not a discipline, rather an approach
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History of One Health Started in 460 BC
Pope Clement XI instructed his physician, Dr. Giovanni Maria Lancisi, to do something about rinderpest Rinderpest is a highly fatal viral disease of cattle that was devastating the human food supply The Italian physician Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654–1720), devised approaches for controlling rinderpest in cattle The foundations of veterinary medicine were established primarily to benefit human health. In the 18th century, rinderpest, a highly lethal viral disease of cattle, was devastating the human food supply. The pope at the time, Clement XI asked his physician, Dr. Giovanni Maria Lancisi to do something.
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Animal Disease Control Measures
Lancisi recommended all diseased and suspect animals be killed The principle was a milestone in controlling the spread of contagious diseases in animals Lancisi recommended that the animals be destroyed and buried in lime. He suspected that the disease was communicable—which it was. His recommendations were effective. In 1762, the first school of veterinary medicine was established in Lyon, France. Mission was to educate the next generation about the management of diseases in livestock. Livestock was critical for human food and transportation, so veterinary medicine was founded with the mission to keep animals healthy for human consumption and benefit.
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One Health in the 19th Century
Rudolf Virchow ( ) A German physician and pathologist “Between animal and human medicine there are no dividing lines--nor should there be.” Virchow coined the term “zoonosis,” which means a disease of animals that infects humans.
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PYRAMID FOR HUMAN RESOURCE BASE FOR ONE HEALTH, AND ECOHEALTH
Ecs Comm’ Subatomic particles Popln’ Individuals Colonies Single celled organisms Organelles Complex molecules Molecules Atoms Relevance of human resource to solve challenges Easy of obtaining data Time to complete research Present status of knowledge
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Paradigm shift from down stream to upstream
Downstream approach in silos Pathogen circulating in animals Disease Emergence Disease impact in human population Upstream paradigm shift using OHA Control measures in animal population Prevent transmission and prevent emergence Manage diseases and infections in humans
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CHALLENGES TO FORGING ONE HEALTH ALLIANCES
Policy Lack of policy frameworks that enable cross-sectoral collaboration Institutional Clustering of sectoral expertise in different organizational units Strategic Each unit has distinct mandates and responsibilities (silos) Operational Funding and human resource streams are sector specific Technical Emphasis is on professional specialties as opposed to a broader understanding and vision of OH
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Integrated service learning model for community engagement using One Health Approach
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Conclusion Why One Health
One Health is modern toolkit for solving health challenges Single discipline study/approach Applicable for solving simple problem: a puzzle solving approach One Health Complicated problem demanding application of knowledge from different disciplines Is an approach and not a stand alone discipline
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Conclusion What Does a One Health Approach Enable
A strategic recognition of the connection between human, animal and environmental health A more efficient alignment of limited human, financial and material resources The opportunity to build systems that enable not just earlier detection of emerging threats to human, animal and environmental health but to mobilize interventions to mitigate their potential emergence and spread
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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
Prof. Robinson H. Mdegela Sokoine University of Agriculture P. O. Box 3021 Morogoro Tanzania Tel: Fax: Web:
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