1. Ancient Greece Geographic Features Influencing Greek Development
The Sea
Peninsula within easy sailing distance from Egypt and the Fertile Crescent
Many Greeks became merchants and traders
Insufficient farmland and natural resources
Established colonies on shores of Mediterranean
Mountains
Enclosed fertile valleys that were isolated
Transportation over mountains were hazardous
Allowed for many city-states that were independent
Lack of unity in Greece
Climate
Mild climate allowed for much outdoor activity including sports and civic life
Greece has hundreds of islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas
The largest island is Crete
Undulating landscape with poor soils, is covered by scrub and olive groves
Pottery depicts everyday life
Archeologists have found sunken ships in the Mediterranean Sea
Trade has spread Greek culture
Romans copied much Greek sculpture and architecture which have survived

8. Minoans BCE
Crete
Location put them in the center of trade routes allowing them to become the middleman in trade. The Phoenicians inherited the routes they established.
Susceptible to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions which made them vulnerable to invasion.
They were isolated from people who were at war with others.
No defenses were built because they were an island with a central plateau. The island had caves to hide in if necessary. The terrain would be difficult for invaders and their navy would give them protection

9. Frescoes showed signs of the culture including jewelry.
Women were depicted topless and in bell shaped skirts; muscularity valued in women as well as men
Clothes were a class marker
Bull jumping depicted men and women. They grabbed the horns and either jumped on top or leaped over the bull. The women wore jewelry.
No graves were found, no temples or evidence of what was done with the dead

10. Minotaur

11. Snake goddess with serpents curled around her
Snake goddess with serpents curled around her. Possibly a sign of fertililty.

12. Palace at Knossos
There were six palaces with the king more like a CEO. Built around a central courtyard facing north and south. Dr. Arthur Evans spent years excavating and rebuilding the site.
Thousands could live in the palace which was composed of many rooms. Sweeping staircases, porches, and frescoes to impress
Looked on the water. Had running water
Many kings probably one for each city with the wealth based on trade.

13. Throne Room and Store Room
Throne is a solid block with the back painted with a floral motif. Frescoes contained flowers, trees, water, animals, etc. which brought the outdoors indoors. The cartouches at the bottom were painted the same color as water.
The bathroom contained a huge tub. There was hot and cold running water.

16. Linear A and Linear B
Linear A was syllabic with a straight line, not deciphered
Linear B was an early form of Greek and contains trade records and a system of lists including wheels stored, rations paid to textile workers, gifts to deities, ships stationed along the coast, etc.

18. Myceneans BCE
Indo European people who entered the Balkan Peninsula and intermarried with the local people, the Hellenes. By 1200 BCE they had conquered the Minoans who had fled to the caves and would eventually die out.
Their history is recorded in the Iliad for their part in the Trojan War
They learned skills from the Minoans including: written language, metalworking, shipbuilding, and navigation by the sun and stars
Sea traders—close to piracy
Strong cities built on high ridges surrounded by thick walls
Ruled by warrior kings
Most people were simple farmers
First Greek speaking people we have a record of .

19. Grave shafts for the dead
Grave shafts for the dead. They buried their dead with grave goods for the afterlife
Stacked stones to bridge space with no arches

21. Dorians ’s BCE
Entered from north with iron weapons probably acquired from the Hittites. Ruled by warrior kings
DARK AGES OF GREECE
Trade all but stopped
Poverty increased as people lost skills including writing
Refugees settled in Ionia and the adjoining islands
Responsible for created polytheistic gods that were immortal and had human characteristics
Believed gods lived in the temples they built
Belief in prophecy whereby the gods would speak through priests/priestesses
Oracles [Delphi] would be asked questions which the priests interpreted

22. Homer Iliad Odyssey Blind poet who wrote around 750 BCE
Kept Mycenean culture alive
Iliad told story of the Trojan War
Odyssey told tale of Odysseus after the Trojan War and his wandering back to Greece
ARETE—tales taught the powerful ideal to strive for excellence, to show courage, to win fame and honor
In peacetime it was shown through Olympic competition [776 BCE] in the fields of Olympus to honor Zeus. Individual events including boxing, wrestling, running, javelin, charioteering—lasted five days ending with the pentathlon [broad jump, discus, javelin, sprint, wrestling]

23. Hellenic Period (Classical Greece) 700’s-336 BCE “Rise of the Greek city-states”
Ionians migrated back to Greece and reintroduced Greek culture, crafts, alphabet, and skills. Named after the original inhabitants.
Rise of City-States saw power in the hands of a group of nobles interested in their own needs. Laws favored aristocracy and small farmers were imprisoned for debt.
Sometimes an influential person would gain popularity and become a leader. It was illegal for one man to rule Greek city-states. Such a leader was called a tyrant many of whom were great builders.
The polis or city-state included the city and surrounding countryside. All citizens were expected to participate in the government [free males]. Freedom of expression encouraged and expected.
Agora or marketplace where political and social meetings were held on a fortified hill or acropolis [site of important buildings and temples]
The agora

24. Sparta vs. Athens

25. Athens vs. Sparta Descendants of the Mycenaeans Attica peninsula
Intellectual education
rhetoric
Economy
Agriculture-grapes and olives
Merchants and artisans
Coins
Descendants of Dorians
Peloponnesus peninsula
Physical Education
Boxing
gymnastics
Economy
Agricultural
Iron
Lagged
Athens– male children educated by family to hold public office one day, tutors, private schools. Much learned in Assembly and conversations. Studied arithmetic, geometry, drawing, music, gymnastics, rhetoric. Girls learned household duties from mothers. Main texts were the Iliad and the Odyssey which they learned by heart. At 18 left for two years of military service.
Sparta shunned philosophy, art and science. Excellent athletes Life revolved around military. Remained in military until 60. Unhealthy infants left to die. Boys taken from homes at age 7 for training. Women expected to be healthy and strong. They had more freedom than in other city-states

26. Phalanx
Ordinary citizen power grew with the development of iron because now all Greeks could afford weapons and armor. Previously the poor would fight with sticks and rocks while the wealthy were well outfitted. Every citizen was expected to fight for the polis.

27. SPARTA Hoplite: citizen soldier (Spartan)
Helots  Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

28. Athens
Masters of strategy
Masters of naval warfare.
Trireme

29. Persians Known for their archery skills.
Xerxes still holds a grudge for the Greek defeat of his father Darius

30. Greco-Persian Wars 500-479 BCE
Battle of Marathon
Battle of Salamis
Battle Thermopylae
Xerxes (Persian)
Themistocles (Athenian)
King Leonidas (Spartan)
Herodotus
Recorded by historian—Herodotus
Cyrus II—conquered Ionia who believed in rule by the people. Taxed people.
Darius I—Revolted when taxes were raised in 499 BCE. Ionians asked for help from the Greek mainland. Athens and Eretria sent warships to assist. Crushed revolts and then went to punish Eretria and Athens for helping. Destroyed Eretria then on to Athens.
Battle of Marathon—Persian ships gathered but were defeated by Athenians, messenger ran with message of victory 26 miles to Athens. Preserved Greek freedom but only minor setback for Persia.
Xerxes—Darius’ son in 480 BCE burned Athens
Themistocles helped to defeat Persians at Battle of Salamis aided by King Leonidas of Sparta
RESULT—Greek had sense of their own uniqueness, gods had protected their government and city-states, energies could be spent towards building a rich and varied civilization

31. “300”
Thermopylae today. In 480 BCE the coast would have been where the road is today.

32. Golden Age of Athens 461-429 BCE
Removed remaining restrictions on office holding which opened government service to the common people. Paid salaries to public officials which enabled poor citizens to participate in jury duty and government service
Insisted in criminal cases be tried in Athens
Height of Athenian Democracy
Arts and Science thrived
Parthenon built to honor Athena
Manufacturing and trade prospered
Goal to strengthen Athenian democracy, build commercial empire and glorify Athens

33. Athens’ Road to Democracy
Draco:
First law giver, although associated with harsh laws
Solon:
reforms Draco’s laws. Beginning of moral law/democracy.
Cleisthenes:
“Father of Democracy”. Creates a type of legislature to make laws for the people. "To advise according to the laws what was best for the people".
Draco—621 improved law codes although harsh
Solon asked to step in to prevent civil war 595 BCE
Canceled all land debt and freed debtors from slavery
Promoted trade
Limited amount of land one person could own
Promoted industry by having fathers teach son a trade and inviting skilled artisans to settle in Athens
Wealthy still retained control
Peisistratus 546 BCE
Divided large estates among landless
Extended citizenship to landless
Loans to poor
Public works to employ poor
Tyrant who manipulated public opinion
Cleisthenes 508 BCE
Full Democracy
Citizens equal under the law
Guaranteed freedom of speech
Jury system by lottery with members
Ostracism if 6000 ostraca contained your name—done to prevent rise of a dictator
Ostracon.

34. Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens
The height of Greece’s intellectual accomplishments and economic productivity
460 BCE – 429 BCE
People depicted as idealized
Public officials now paid so even the poorest citizen could participate if elected

35. People depicted as idealized

36. The Parthenon at the Acropolis

38. Phidias’ Acropolis

39. The Acropolis Today

40. The Agora

41. The ancient Greeks invented three types of columns.
The Ionic design is famous for its scrolls. 
The Corinthian style is quite fancy. 
The Doric style is the most plain.  

42. Phidias Statue of Athena 30 feet tall Made of gold and ivory
In charge of Parthenon’s sculptures.
Parthenon is an optical illusion with the columns thicker in the middle to give the appearance of being straight—impression of perfection

43. The Classical Greek “Ideal”
Portray ideal beauty and proportion…not realism.
Graceful, strong, and perfectly formed

44. Olympia
Site of first Olympic games

45. The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers
A section of the stone starting line at Olympia, which has a groove for each foot

46. Science and Math Pythagoras: Pythagorean theorem in geometry
Hippocrates: Greek physician, father of medicine

47. Historians Herodotus—Father of History Thucydides
Arranged his accounts from what he was told into a narrative (history)
Detailed account of Persian War
Best source of information about Persian Empire and Greece
Thucydides
Human aspects of history
History of Peloponnesian War (Athens vs. Sparta)
Rejected idea that deities played role in human history
Eyewitness accounts, evidence

48. Drama and Theater Festival of Dionysus Comedies (humorous)
Greek theatre began as religious rites paying homage to Dionysus
Dionysus = god of Wine and Fertility
Dancing and singing hymns
Comedies (humorous)
Mocked people and ideas
Aristophanes—first anti-war play
Tragedies (serious drama)
Sophocles-Oedipus the King
Euripedes-Medea
Drama and Theater

49. voice amplification and anonymity (anonymous)
Greek Masks
voice amplification and anonymity (anonymous)

50. Philosophy Philosophers: “Lovers of wisdom”
Logic and reason to understand the universe
Sophists— “man is the measure of all things” …questioned existence and Greek Gods
VS.
Socrates—absolute truth and standards exist
Examine your beliefs
Socratic Method/Questioning
allows student to arrive at own conclusions
goal to realize perfect ethics / ethical behavior
Sophists—provided higher education—all truths relative
Socrates—Socratic method
Plato—Preferred the government of Sparta, had little use for democracy, wanted the most intelligent and most educated to participate in government
Aristotle—live moderately, influenced later philosophers, dominated European thinking for centuries, ideal government a balanced one with a monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy combined, Preferred power to rest in the hands of the middle class

52. Peloponnesian War 431-404 BCE
Delian League
Vs.
Peloponnesian League.
Athens and Sparta had vied for control since Persian wars.
Treasury at Delos for league formed for defense vs. Persia
Athens began to undermine league trying to create an Athenian Empire
Sparta asked to help to put Athens in its place. Eventually Athenians fled to safety inside walls but plague hit lasting for 5 years. It killed 1/3 of the people including Pericles. New leaders were not as good and the government was undermined. Sparta offered up Ionia for Persian help. Athens defeated—stripped of its fleet, walls torn down, stripped of empire
RESULT—city-states declined in population with fields and orchards destroyed
Democracy suffered with corruption and selfish motives
Desire for money replaced thought of the common good
When the Macedonians threatened they would be unable to resist.
Athens lost fleet, empire, power, spirit

53. Outcome:
After almost 25 years of battle, Athens surrenders, but there is no real winner. Sparta has no money, has no real system of rule, and “things fall apart”.
The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens found itself completely devastated, and never regained its pre-war prosperity
Someone is going to have to “save the day”…..

54. … and his son Alexander the Great.